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MOST IMPORTANT TERMS & DATES
SST + Biology (half yearly exams 2024)
HISTORY:
RISE OF NATIONALISM IN INDIA:
UTOPIA: A vision of a society that is so ideal that it is unlikely to actually
exist
PLEBISCITE: A direct vote by which all the people of a region are asked to
accept or reject a proposal
FEUDALISM: A system followed in earlier days in Europe in which a lord
who had a lot of property was the owner of lands in which fiefs (landless
farmers) used to work and pay taxes to the lord.
ARISTOCRACY: The rich and powerful people of Europe in earlier days with
lots of land and political influence
CENSORSHIP: Suppression of expression of any form (movies, speech,
rights, etc)
DESPOTISM: Absolute rule of one person (e.g. Dictatorship)
CONSERVATISM: A political philosophy that stressed the importance of
tradition, established institutions and customs, and preferred gradual
development to quick change
ZOLLVERINl: A custom union made by Prussia in 1834 to secure economic
liberalism
ROMANTICISM: a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular
form of nationalist sentiment.
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ALLEGORY: personification of abstract ideas, feelings and emotions. (e.g.
Bharat Mata an allegory of Indian nationalism)
IMPERIALISM: is the practice of a state or nation extending its power and control over other nations, often through military force, economic control, or other means.
1789: french revolution
1804: civil code
1815: Treaty of Vienna
1830: July revolution in Paris
1831: Brussels revolution
1832: Treaty of Constantinople
1834: Zollverein was made
1930s AND 1840s: economic hardship in Europe
1845: Silesian revolt
1848: Paris revolt by poor people
1848: Revolution of the liberals (Germans)
1861: Unification of Italy
1871: Unification of Germany
AFTER 1871 - 1914: Balkan conflict
NATIONALISM IN INDIA:
BOYCOTT: The refusal to deal and associate with people, or participate in activities, or buy and use things; usually a form of protest PICKETING: A form of demonstration or protest by which people block the entrance to a shop, factory or o ce KHALIFA: Spiritual leader of Muslims SWARAJ: Self rule SATYAGRAHA: A weapon of mass mobilization based on the ideas of honesty and non-violence which was used by Gandhiji in his protests against Britishers.
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AGENDA 21: the declaration signed by the member states in the earth summit in Rio De janeiro in 1991. FOREST & WILDLIFE RESOURCES: BIODIVERSITY: Di erent species of flora and fauna found in an area SACRED GROVES: Some forests or areas of forests which has kept untouched by the people as they are considered sacred in their belief system. WATER RESOURCES: WATER SCARCITY: When water is not available to the people, the condition is known as water scarcity DAMS: a barrier constructed to hold back water and raise its level, forming a reservoir used to generate electricity or as a water supply. SPAWNING: The process of deposition of spawns. Spawn is the eggs and sperm released or deposited into water by aquatic animals. CIVICS: POWER SHARING: MAJORITY: The community which consists of more number of people MINORITY: The community which consists of less number of people MAJORITANISM:Majoritarianism is often referred to as majority rule, which may refer to a majority class ruling over a minority class, while not referring to the decision process called majority rule. Majority rule is a belief that the majority community should be able to rule a country in whichever way it wants. FEDERALISM: The form of government in a democracy in which power is shared between at least 2 levels of government. ALLIANCE: The group of 2 or more political parties that come together to contest elections
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COALITION GOVERNMENT: The government formed by an alliance FEDERALISM: UNITARY SYSTEM: A system of government in which there is only 1 level of government LINGUISTIC STATES: States formed or reformed on the basis of language. DECENTRALISATION: When some political powers are taken from center and state government and given to local govt., it is known as Decentralization. LINGUISTIC DIVISION:
GENDER, CASTE & RELIGION:
GENDER: the socially constructed characteristics of women and men – such as norms, roles and relationships of and between groups of women and men SEX: the di erent biological and physiological characteristics of males and females, such as reproductive organs, chromosomes, hormones, etc. FEMINISM: The ideology which supports equal rights and opportunities for both men and women. PATRIARCHY: a system of social structures and practices in which men dominate, oppress, and exploit women MATRIARCHY: a system of social structures and practices in which women dominate, oppress, and exploit women FEMALE FOETICIDE: Female foeticide is the illegal abortion of a female fetus after learning its sex through prenatal tests, such as ultrasound scans. SEX RATIO: Number of girls per 1000 males in an area COMMUNALISM: The ideology that religion should be the sole basis of society and using it to create divisions in society. CASTEISM: a social structure that divides people into groups based on birth, with rights and occupations assigned to each group. SECULARISM: Ideology that all religions are equal
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development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
SECTORS OF INDIAN ECONOMY:
PRIMARY SECTOR: is the part of the economy that deals with activities that are directly based on natural resources. SECONDARY SECTOR: MANUFACTURING OR INDUSTRIAL SECTOR. Raw materials are converted into useful products in this sector. TERTIARY RESOURCES: includes services and professions. GDP: is the total monetary value of all final goods and services produced in a country during a specific period of time. UNEMPLOYMENT: when an adult wants a job and is unable to find one. SEASONAL UNEMPLOYMENT: happens when workers are unemployed for certain periods of the year DISGUISED UNEMPLOYMENT: happens when more people are employed than are required NREGA: National Rural Employment Guarantee Act ORGANIZED SECTOR: This sector includes jobs, services and companies that are registered with the Indian government. UNORGANIZED SECTOR: includes jobs, services and workstations not registered with the government. PUBLIC SECTOR: the sector in which the government has the complete ownership of the company PRIVATE SECTOR: the sector in which the individual or group of them have the complete ownership of the company MONEY AND CREDIT:
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BARTER SYSTEM: is a method of trading where goods and services are exchanged without using money DEMAND DEPOSITS: is money that is deposited into a bank account and can be withdrawn at any time, without giving advance notice to the bank. CHEQUE: is a written order that instructs a bank to pay a specific amount of money to a named person or entity. CREDIT: Basically, a loan. COLLATERAL: An asset that the borrower has which acts as a guarantee against the loan from the lender TERMS OF CREDIT: Rules and regulations of giving the loan SELF HELP GROUP: are informal groups of people who come together to help each other solve their problems and improve their living conditions. LIFE PROCESSES: Life processes are vital processes that are necessary for the proper health and functioning of an organism. Without these essential life processes taking place, an organism would cease to survive. If an organism can nourish itself by making its own food using sunlight or chemicals such mode of nutrition is called autotrophic nutrition. Some organisms feed on dead and decaying organic matter. This mode of nutrition is called saprophytic nutrition. Some organisms feed at the expense of another organism and in turn cause harm. This is called the parasitic mode of nutrition. If an organism depends on other living/dead organism to obtain nutrition, it is called as Heterotrophic mode of nutrition Nutrition is the mechanism through which an organism consumes food and converts it into energy. Thus, it is a crucial biological mechanism that allows living organisms to get their energy. Partially digested food that passes from stomach to small intestine is known as CHYME Finger like projections that increase the surface area in intestine and also help in rapid absorption of digested food, are known as villi
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NASTIC MOVEMENTS: is a non-directional response of plants to environmental stimuli,
such as light, heat, touch, and humidity.
TROPISM: is the directional growth of a plant or part of a plant in response to an
environmental stimulus, such as light, gravity, or touch.
