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RNSG 1301 Pharmacology Final Exam 4 2025 Spring Latest
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Which of the following does not contribute to the patient developing heart failure? renal failure A female client taking ACE inhibitors reports that she has found out she is pregnant. What does the nurse anticipate the physician will do? Discontinue the drug Which of the following is a therapeutic effect of digoxin? Increased force of contraction How do class II antiarrhythmic agents work? They block the stimulation of the adrenergic receptors What assessment should the nurse make prior to administering a bolus of lidocaine IV? Determine if the client has had a reaction to local anesthesia. Which adverse effect would the nurse caution the client taking fosinopril about? Cough At what continuous rate should the nurse anticipate administering lidocaine? 1 - 4 mg/min A hypertensive client has become malnourished. Considering the client's nutritional status, how should the dose of losartan be adjusted?
lowered What adverse effect should the nurse warn the client who is taking verapamil for cardiac arrhythmia to monitor for? Peripheral edema What is the most likely goal of administering dofetilide (Tikosyn)? To convert the client's atrial fibrillation to normal sinus rhythm Which of the following is a key behavioral determinants of blood pressure? Dietary consumption of calories and salt The nurse should educate the patient to hold their digoxin if their pulse is: 52 beats/minute. Which serum digoxin level is indicative of digoxin toxicity? 2.3 ng/mL Which of the following drugs inhibits the beta-adrenergic receptors of the heart and the kidney? Acebutolol A client has recently been prescribed a thiazide diuretic and labetolol. What is the nurse's priority assessment for this client? monitor the client's blood pressure What should the nurse assess on their patient prior to administering a cardiotonic medication?? Check for jugular vein distention. What would the nurse would identify as the drug most commonly prescribed for heart failure?
What type of hypercholesterolemia is most commonly seen in children? Familial What should the nurse monitor for in a client prescribed metoprolol and metformin? Blood glucose What is the most common non-genetic reason for elevated cholesterol? His dietary intake of saturated fat How often should the client be instructed to place a new nitroglycerin patch? Every day What should the nurse tell the client taking sublingual nitroglycerin who complains of headache? "This is a common adverse effect of nitroglycerin; try taking acetaminophen to treat your headache." We have an expert-written solution to this problem! How should the nurse instruct the client to administer nitroglycerin spray? Administer the spray as soon as chest pain develops. Which ongoing assessment should the nurse perform on a patient who is taking ezetimibe? Frequently monitor blood cholesterol. Which lab values indicate the client's hyperlipidemia meds are effective? HDL 58 LDL 96 Cholesterol 178
What should the nurse monitor for in a client who is taking atorvastatin and anticoagulant therapy? Bleeding Which of the following is a side effect of beta-adrenergic blockers? Decreased contraction of the heart What is a sign that the administration of nitroglycerin ointment was effective? no episodes of angina since ointment was initiated. Which adverse affect would the nurse include in teaching the client about niacin? "Some people get very flushed skin when they take this medication." In regards to proper use and storage, sublingual nitroglycerin: should be replaced every six months. A client reports substernal chest pain that radiates to the neck, lasts 5 minutes, then subsides with relaxation. What is the most likely cause of the chest pain? angina pectoris Know what the different classes of antihypertensive are and what makes them different (i.e. beta-blockers versus ACE inhibitors) Why do patient who have a history of heart attack take beta blockers? What are calcium channel blockers and what do they do? Know the adverse effects of each of the classes of antihypertensives (some can be especially problem for men)
What are nitrates and why are they prescribed? What are the side effects of these meds? What education should be included? Medications for hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias can cause BP and heart rate to change. What assessment findings would be important and what safety education should you include for the patient? What is HDL? What is LDL? What are the classifications of drugs used to decrease lipid levels? How exactly do they work to lover lipids? What education should be included? HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: what are they and what do you need to teach? What are bile acid sequestrans and how do they work? what education should be included? What are the common side effects of cholesterol absorption inhibitors? What are the common side effects of niacin? what would niacin be ordered for a specific patient? What is "stepped care management"? A Stepped Care Management approach to treating hypertension includes weight loss, smoking cessation, decreased use of alcohol, salt in the diet, and increased physical exercise. What is included in Step 2 of the stepped care management approach to treating hypertension? If the measures in step 1 are not sufficient, drug therapy is added.
What is the 3 elements of determining blood pressure? What is angina and what causes the different types? Why would a patient be prescribed nitroglycerin? What education needs to be included for safety? What are the adverse reactions? How fast does this medication work in each available form (ie. SL, Patch)? Know the routine for chest pain and administration of nitroglycerin? How does sublingual medication work? If a patient has meds ordered via SL form, oral form, patch form, paste- what education would the nurse need to include? Why do diabetic patients need to be careful when taking beta-blockers? What can happen (side effects) to the patient who is on metformin and a beta-blocker? What are phosphodiesterase inhibitors? How do they work? Who are they prescribed for? The outer ear contains the ___ which produce a waxy substance that repels insects, waterproofs the ear canal, and contains lysozyme. ceruminous glands The eustachian tube Connects the middle ear to the pharynx Opens when we yawn or swallow Functions to equalize air pressure in the middle ear with the external air pressure *all of the above
Both temporal and spatial summation of nerve signals is how the brain interprets Volume of sound While studying in the library, someone accidentally drops a book, sound input to the ____ mediates the auditory head-turn reflex Inferior colliculus of the midbrain The saccule and utricle Detect vertical and horizontal changes in motion as well as head position T/F: calcium carbonate crystals are found in the macula of the utricle and saccule are called otoliths True Based on its orientation in the inner ear, which equilibrium receptors would begin firing once the elevator starts moving upwards Saccule At rest, with no motion, the macule fires impulses at a base rate. When the macula detects linear motion that bends the stereocilia away from the kinocilium K+ ion channels _____ causing the receptor membrane to ____ which results in a decreased firing rate Close, hyperpolarize Just like the inner hair cells of the cochlear, the hair cells of the macula require an influx of ___ ions for neurotransmitter release Ca2+
In the semicircular ducts, rotational movement is detected when the head turns and the drag of the ____ in the ducts pushes on the ____ in the crista ampullaris which then stimulates hair cells Endolymph, cupula Which of the following is not a function of the spinal cord Memory association In the spinal nerves, the anterior (ventral) root Carries motor nerve output Which meningeal layer is the outermost layer and is made of tough fibrous connective tissue Dura mater Which spinal cord tracts carry sensory info for touch, pressure, itch, temp, etc. spinothalamic tracts Damage to the ____ would prevent the spinal cord from carrying proprioceptor info from muscles and tendons to the cerebellum Posterior and anterior spinocerebellar tracts The inner ear detects body position and balance and sends that info to the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem. Motor info is then sent from the vestibular nuclei along the ___ to maintain posture and balance Lateral & medial vestibulospinal tracts Motor signals for finely coordinated moment come from the cerebral cortex and pass to the Boyd via these spinal tracts to the Boyd Lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts
In an experiment with an isolated muscle, a weight is applied to the muscle. You observe increased muscle spindle signaling, increase alpha motor neuron activity, and a return of muscle back to the "pre-weight" tension. This is an example of Myotonic reflex Which of the following is not a characteristic shared by all somatic reflexes They are all monosynaptic A muscle stretch reflex requires the action of a ____ that prevents the antagonistic muscle from interfering with the agonist Reciprocal inhibition reflex You touch a hot stove with your right hand, a withdrawal reflex pulls your hand away from the stove while a ___ reflex on the ___ side of the body helps you maintain balance Crossed extensor; contralateral This part of the brain serves as an accessory route for transmission of discrete signals from brain to spinal cord; it also plays a role in fine control of hands and fingers Red nucleus Which of the following transmits inhibitory signals to the "antigravity" muscles so they are not abnormally tense Medullary reticular system Gyro and sulci are found on the ___ of the brain Cerebrum The gray matter of the cerebrum is comprised of Interneurons
The thin delicate and deepest of the cerebral meninges is the Pia mater Which of the following is not part of the brainstem Corpus collosum This part of the brain has pyramids and olives, is the source of CN IX-XII and is responsible for motor activities line sneezing and vomiting Medulla This part of the brain is a loose network of nuclei that extends through the medulla, pons, and midbrain. Slow type C pain fibers stimulate this area making it extremely difficult to sleep when experiencing "slow" pain Reticular formation The cerebral peduncle of the midbrain has three main components, which one is a motor center that degenerates in a person with parkinson's disease Substancia nigra The cerebral peduncle of the midbrain has three main components, which one is the structure through which the corticospinal tracts cruise Cerebral crus the ____ contains reflex centers involved in hearing and vision corpora quadrigemina The cerebellum contains tree like pattern of white matter known as Arbor vitae
This CN carries 90% of all parasympathetic nerve fibers to the body Vagus (X) In a recent hit song the singer proclaims "I can't feel my face when I'm with you" obviously he is singing about damage to his ____ nerve Trigeminal (V) Damage to this cranial nerve that originates in the medulla would adversely affect your ability to swallow Hypoglossal (XII) When final exams are over, you go out and treat yourself to Ted Drewe's, you enjoy the cold creamy vanilla sensations as the ____ nerve(s) carries/carry sensory information from your tongue to your brain Glossopharyngeal (IX) and Facial (VII) You move your eyeballs laterally in an attempt to cheat off of your neighbor's test, this movement is accomplished by the ____ nerve Abducens (VI) T/F: the parasympathetic nervous system primarily functions to permit the body to "rest and digest" True The ANS differs from the somatic (muscle) motor systems in what ways In somatic motor pathways, one neuron connects CNS to effector organ; in autonomic motor pathways, there are two neurons Somatic motor pathways do not have ganglion; autonomic nerve fibers synapse at a ganglion *both
The sympathetic nervous system has short preganglionic and long postganglionic The paravertebral ganglia Are found along spinal nerves T1-L Are connected vertically to one another Connect to spinal nerves via communicating rami *all of the above The grey communication ramus contains Unmyelinated sympathetic postganglionic cells 90% of all parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are found in the vagus nerve (X) Norepinephrine is secreted by sympathetic postganglionic fibers In both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system, acetylcholine secreted by the preganglionic fiber binds to ____ receptors on the postganglionic nerve Nicotinic What type of autonomic nervous system receptor is ligand-gated ion channel also found in skeletal muscle Nicotinic In pharmacological, an agonist is a compound that will activate a receptor. Your friend Osgood is having an asthma attack, what types of receptor agonist would you give her to cause bronchodilation and allow her to breathe Beta 2
