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TECHNICAL NOTE
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USDA – Natural Resources Conservation Service Spokane, Washington
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Plant Materials Technical Note No. 21 April 2013
ROSES
OF THE INLAND PACIFIC NORTHWEST Native and Invasive Species Identification, Biology and Control
Pamela L.S. Pavek, Agronomist, NRCS Plant Materials Center, Pullman, Washington David M. Skinner, Farmer (retired), NRCS Plant Materials Center, Pullman, Washington
Nootka rose ( Rosa nutkana ) flower. Ben Legler, University of Washington Burke Herbarium
The purpose of this Technical Note is to provide information about roses in the Inland Pacific Northwest, which is comprised of eastern Washington, eastern Oregon, and northern Idaho. Keys and comparison charts are provided for identification, detailed information is presented for each species, and methods for control are outlined for invasive species.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION____________________________________________________________________________________________ - IDENTIFICATION___________________________________________________________________________________________ - Adapted taxonomic key___________________________________________________________________________ - Table 1. Characteristics of Roses in the Inland Northwest_____________________________________
- INVASIVE ROSES____________________________________________________________________________________________ - Control______________________________________________________________________________________________ - Table 2. Herbicides for Controlling Invasive Roses_____________________________________________ - Rosa canina (dog rose)__________________________________________________________________ SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS - Rosa rubiginosa (sweetbriar rose)_____________________________________________________ - NATIVE ROSES____________________________________________________________________________________________ - Rosa gymnocarpa (baldhip rose)______________________________________________________ SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS - Rosa nutkana (Nootka rose)___________________________________________________________ - Rosa woodsii (Woods’ rose)____________________________________________________________ - OTHER ROSES_____________________________________________________________________________________________
- GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS______________________________________________________________________
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS__________________________________________________________________________________
- REFERENCES ______________________________________________________________________________________________
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Rosa L. Rose Flowers are large, showy, complete, borne singly or in small (rarely large) clusters; sepals and petals generally 5, or petals numerous in many cultivar double forms, light pink to deep rose (our native spp.) less often white or yellow; stamens numerous; pistils generally numerous (rarely less than 10); styles slender and more or less enclosed within the hypanthium; ovules solitary; seeds bony, enclosed within the hypanthium (hip) which becomes fleshy and generally reddish or purplish and berry-like; more or less prickly shrubs or woody vines, often with a pair of prickles at or just below each node; leaves alternate, pinnate; leaflets 3 to 11 (rarely more), generally toothed; stipules well-developed, generally green and leafy, attached to a petiole. 1a Introduced spp., prickles generally stout and strongly curved; sepals more or less bent backward after anthesis and ultimately deciduous, some sepals have conspicuous lateral lobes 2a Lower surface of leaflets have stalked glands; foliage is sweet-scented; sepals have stalked glands; petals 0.6 to 0.8 in, bright pink; styles more or less densely short- hairy; fruit 0.4 to 0.6 in, bright red; European sp.; formerly named R. eglanteria 1 R. rubiginosa L. 2b Lower surface of leaflets smooth or nearly so; foliage not sweet-scented; sepals do not have stalked glands; petals 0.8 to 1 in, white or pink; fruit 0.6 to 0.8 cm, bright red; Eurasian sp. 2 R. canina L. 1b Native spp., prickles stout or weak, but seldom much curved; sepals generally upward or erect after anthesis and typically persistent, seldom with lateral lobes 3a Sepals, top of hypanthium and styles are deciduous as fruit matures; seeds usually 12 or fewer; sepals 0.2 to 0.5 in; fruit is smooth, bright red and about 0.4 in wide when mature; stems 1 to 4 ft; bristly to nearly unarmed, the prickles slender 3 R. gymnocarpa Nutt. 3b Sepals and styles persistent; sepals often much greater than 0.5 in; seeds generally 15 to 30 or more; stems mostly with well-defined prickles at the base of each leaf, but sometimes nearly unarmed 4a Flowers relatively small, generally clustered; leaves are coarsely toothed; sepals generally 0.4 to 0.8 in long and 0.08 to 0.14 in wide at the base, undersides are rarely bristly or glandular; petals 0.5 to 1 in; hypanthium 0.12 to 0.2 in thick at anthesis and about 0.4 in thick when mature 4 R. woodsii Lindl. Ours is subsp. ultramontana Prickles absent or sometimes scattered and/or at the base of leaves singly or in pairs, predominantly straight; stems 3 to 9 ft; flowers in clusters of 3 to 10; grows in intermontane area between the Cascade and Rocky Mountains of British Columbia south to the Great Basin 4b Flowers relatively large, generally solitary; sepals generally 0.6 to 1.6 in long and 0.12 to 0.24 in wide at base; petals generally 1 to 1.6 in long; hypanthium generally 0.2 to 0.35 in thick at anthesis and 0.5 to 0.8 in thick when mature 5 R. nutkana Presl Ours is subsp. macdougalii Commonly unarmed or has straight, rarely curved prickles at the base of each leaf; stems 3 to 9 ft; leaflets usually smooth underneath and have singly serrated margins without gland tips; sepals are commonly smooth; grows in intermontane area between the Cascade and Rocky Mountains
Table 1. Characteristics of Roses in the Inland Northwest
Genus Species
Common Name Status Habitat
Height (ft) Thorns
Petal Color Sepals Other
canina dog rose invasive
open areas
3 to 9
stout, flattened, curve down, unequal size
white to pink
do not have stalked glands, have slender lateral lobes, curve outward at anthesis, deciduous
leaves have no scent
rubiginosa
sweetbriar rose
invasive
open areas
3 to 10
stout, flattened, curve down, unequal size
pale to dark pink
have stalked glands and slender lateral lobes, curve outward at anthesis, deciduous
leaves have sweet scent
gymnocarpa
baldhip rose
native forests 1 to 4 slender, straight
pale to dark pink
have stalked glands, ascending or erect at anthesis, deciduous
flowers are usually solitary, small
nutkana subsp. macdougalii
Nootka rose
native
open areas and forests
3 to 9
stout, straight, one pair occurs at the base of each leaf, other thorns are absent or smaller
pale to dark pink
ascending or erect at anthesis, restricted in middle, persistent
flowers are usually solitary, large
woodsii subsp. ultramontana
Woods' rose
native
open areas and forests
3 to 9
straight or sometimes curved, one or a pair often occurs at the base of each leaf
pale to dark pink
ascending or erect at anthesis, persistent
flowers are usually in clusters of 3 to 10
Rosa
Mechanical: Plants can be removed by extracting with a chain and ATV or other vehicle in the spring, but regrowth will need to be killed with an herbicide. In a large area, mowing the plants with a brush machine will facilitate herbicide application. Mowing alone will not kill the plants unless repeated multiple times. Three to six mowings per year for two to four years may provide control (DiTomaso et al., 2013). Repeated cultivation will prevent rose seedlings from establishing.
Chemical: Herbicides are effective for controlling invasive roses. The following herbicides are from the Pacific Northwest Weed Management Handbook (Peachey, 2012) and Weed Control in Natural Areas in the Western United States (DiTomaso et al., 2013). Contact your local agricultural extension specialist or county weed specialist to learn what works best in your area and how to use it safely. Always read label and safety instructions for each control method. Trade names and control measures appear in this document only to provide specific information. USDA NRCS does not guarantee or warranty the products and control methods named, and other products may be equally effective.
Table 2. Herbicides for Controlling Invasive Roses – from Weed Control in Natural Areas in the Western United States (DiTomaso et al., 2013)
Chemical Name Timing Remarks
Aminopyralid (Milestone)
Postemergence after full leaf expansion, around flowering time. Also a preemergent.
Broadleaf-selective herbicide; will kill most plants in Sunflower or Legume families. Can be mixed with 2,4-D or Triclopyr.
Aminopyralid + metsulfuron (Opensight)
Spring leaf development through plant senesence in fall; optimum time is during flowering.
Broadleaf-selective herbicide; will kill most plants in Sunflower or Legume families.
Dicamba (Banvel, Clarity)
Postemergence foliar spot treatment. Optimum time is during flowering.
Add 0.5% v/v non-ionic surfactant. Will injure or kill other broadleaf species.
Glyphosate (Roundup, Accord XRT II, others)
Foliar and cut stem treatments most effective when leaves are expanded and flowers are in full bloom. Cut stem treatments should be applied immediately after cutting.
Add 0.5% v/v non-ionic surfactant. Can be mixed with dicamba for foilar applications. Will injure or kill all other plant species.
Hexazinone (Velpar L)
Preemergence in late winter through spring before bud break.
Mobile in the soil and has a long soil residual. Should not be used in areas with high water table.
Table 2 continued
Chemical Name Timing Remarks
Imazapyr (Aresenal, Habitat, Stalker, Chopper, Polaris)
Postemergence foliar spot treatment in mid to late summer.
Requires special mixing and a hand applicator or applicator mounted on a spray boom. Use a low-volume application without runoff to reduce the non-target effects.
Metsulfuron (Escort)
Postemergence foliar application when leaves are fully expanded.
Will injure or kill non-target broadleaf species. Available in premixes with aminopyralid (Opensight) or 2,4-D and dicamba (Cimarron Max).
Picloram (Tordon 22K)
Postemergence to fully expanded leaves in spring through late summer.
Add 0.5% v/v non-ionic surfactant. Most effective when mixed with 2,4-D or fluroxypyr. Will injure or kill other broadleaf species.
Tebuthiuron (Spike)
Preemergence anytime except when soil is frozen or saturated. Most effective time of application is just before active spring growth.
Applied as a pellet at the base of each plant. Has long soil residual and will prevent growth of all plant species. Rainfall is necessary to move herbicide into root zone.
Triclopyr (Garlon 3A, Garlon 4 Ultra)
Postemergence spot treatment. Can be applied to foilage when leaves are fully expanded, to bark when plants become dormant after fall frost, or to cut stems in the fall.
Add 0.5% v/v non-ionic surfactant for foilar application. Can be mixed with fluroxypyr or aminopyralid. Will injure or kill other broadleaf species. Application during fall dormant period will minimize non-target effects.
v/v = volume of procuct per total spray volume
INVASIVE ROSE SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS
DOG ROSE
Rosa canina L.
Plant Symbol = ROCA
Rosa canina****. Robert Videki, Bugwood.org Dog rose flowers. Robert Videki, Bugwood.org
Distribution Dog rose is found on the east coast of North America, from Quebec to North Carolina and west to Kansas. It is also found on the west coast, from British Columbia to California and east to Utah.
Description Rose family (Rosaceae). Dog rose is a shrub introduced from Eurasia. It grows up to 9 feet tall and has multiple arching stems. Stems are covered with thorns that are stout, flattened, downward- curving and unequal in size. Leaves are alternate and pinnately divided into 5 to 7 leaflets with serrated margins. Both sides of the leaves are glandless and smooth. Flowers are solitary or in small clusters at the ends of branches and bloom in June to July. Flowers have five white to pink petals 0.8 to 1 inch long, five sepals, usually 10 or more pistils, and multiple stamens. Sepals are glandless, often have slender lateral lobes, curve backward at the time of anthesis and are deciduous. The fruit is an elliptic to pear-shaped hypanthium (hip). Fruits ripen in September to October, are smooth, bright red and 0.6 to 0.8 inches long. Fruits persist on the plant for several months and become black. Plants reproduce sexually by seed, and vegetatively by suckering and layering. (Hitchcock and Cronquist 1973; Young and Young, 1992; Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture 2012).
The genus name Rosa is an ancient Latin name for rose (St. John, 1963; Hitchcock and Cronquist, 1973). The plant’s species name canina is attributed to a belief that the root could cure the bite of a mad dog (Haas, 1995).
Habitat : Rosa canina grows along roadsides, in pastures, Conservation Reserve Program fields, and natural areas.
Adaptation Rosa canina is adapted to a variety of soil types in areas with more than 16 inches annual precipitation at low elevations.
Dog rose distribution from the USDA NRCS PLANTS Database
Dog rose thorns. Richard Old, XIDservices.com
SWEETBRIAR ROSE
Rosa rubiginosa L.
Plant Symbol = RORU
Rosa rubiginosa****. Richard Old, XIDservices.com Rosa rubiginosa flowers. Richard Old, XIDservices.com Alternate Scientific Names Rosa rubiginosa L. was previously known as Rosa eglanteria L.
NATIVE ROSES
Introduction to Native Roses Native roses are important components of forest and prairie communities within the Inland Pacific Northwest. They stabilize streambanks and hillsides with their rhizomatous growth, and regrow following a disturbance. Thickets formed by roses provide cover for many birds, small and large mammals, and fish (Hauser, 2006). Rose flowers provide pollen for foraging bees (Mader et al., 2011). Rose fruits (hips) remain on the plant throughout the winter, and are a food source for insects, birds, and small and large mammals (Hauser, 2006). Antelope, mule deer, white-tailed deer, elk and moose browse the leaves and branches (Kufeld, 1973; Keay and Peek, 1980; Parish et al., 1996). Roses are also valuable to humans; Native Americans throughout the Pacific Northwest and Rocky Mountain region used wild roses as food, medicine, and for ceremonial purposes (Moerman, 2012). Hips of all wild roses are high in vitamin C and are made into jams, jellies, syrups and teas.
Nootka rose bushes. Brenda Erhardt, Latah Soil and Water Conservation District
Nootka and Woods’ rose are ideal plants for revegetating disturbed sites because they produce rhizomes, regenerate quickly, and have excellent survivability. They can be used to rehabilitate mine spoils and road cuts, control soil erosion on hillsides, and stabilize eroded streambanks (Shaw et al., 2004; Hauser, 2006). The roses are attractive shrubs that can be incorporated into landscaped areas around homes and businesses, however they will spread by suckers and rhizomes, and should not be planted where they may become a problem.
Establishment Freshly cleaned rose seed can be broadcast or drilled at a rate of 0.5 to 1.0 pound per acre and covered with firm soil or mulch (Young and Young, 1992; Shaw et al., 2004). Dried seed needs a cold moist stratification period of 30 to 365 days for optimal germination. The seed can be mixed
with other shrub seed, but should be separated from grass and forb seed (Shaw et al., 2004). Plants can also be established by transplanting seedlings or cuttings (see below).
Seeds Rosa plants are sexually reproductive after 2 to 5 years of growth (Reed, 1993). Seed is obtained by collecting rose hips after they turn a bright red color (Gill and Pogge, 1974). The seeds can be removed from the hip flesh by macerating the hips in water and allowing the debris to float to the surface. Seeds collected soon after ripening and not allowed to dry will be less dormant than dried seeds (Gill and Pogge, 1974; Young and Young, 1992). Dried seeds require a cold stratification period of 30 to 365 days at 40 degrees Fahrenheit to improve germination (Gill and Pogge, 1974; Shaw et al., 2004; USDA NRCS, 2013). Dried seeds stored in air-tight containers will remain viable for 2 to 4 years (Young and Young, 1992). R. gymnocarpa has about 28,000 seeds per pound; R. nutkana 45,000 seeds per pound, and R. woodsii 51, 000 seeds per pound (USDA NRCS, 2013).
In nature, seeds are eaten and dispersed by birds and other wildlife. The seed coat is broken down by the animals’ digestive process, which reduces the overall seed viability, but alleviates the dormancy of unharmed seed (Shaw et al., 2004).
Plant Production Plants can be produced by sowing seed into pots or flats outdoors in October or November, and moving into a greenhouse in January or February. Seedlings should be moved to a lath house or other structure in the spring and grown for one year to develop an adequate root system before transplanting. Seedlings can be transplanted to the field in containers or as bareroot stock.
Roses can also be reproduced by hardwood cuttings, softwood cuttings, root suckers or layering (Snyder, 1991, as cited by Rose et al., 1998; Shaw et al., 2004). Rose et al. (1998) states one successful method uses semi- hardwood cuttings treated with indole-3- butyric acid (IBA) grown in a mist chamber. All seedlings and propagated plants should be hardened off for two to four weeks prior to transplanting in the desired field location. In the field, young plants may need protection from rodents, livestock and wildlife (Shaw et al., 2004).
Cultivars, Improved, and Selected Materials No improved native rose materials are available, but seeds and seedlings are sold by numerous seed dealers and nurseries.
Nootka rose hip in winter. Brenda Erhardt, Latah Soil and Water Conservation District
sexually by seed and vegetatively by sprouts, rhizomes and layering. (Hitchcock and Cronquist, 1973; Young and Young, 1992; Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, 2012).
The genus name Rosa is an ancient Latin name for rose (St. John, 1963; Hitchcock and Cronquist, 1973). The species name gymnocarpa is from Greek gymnos, "naked," and karpos, "fruit" (Charters, 2012), referring to the deciduous characteristic of the sepals (Parish et al., 1996).
Habitat Rosa gymnocarpa grows as an understory plant in dry and moist forest communities (Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, 2012; Reed, 1993). It also grows in chaparral and in mountain grasslands (Reed, 1993). It is often found in association with salal ( Gaultheria shallon ), oceanspray ( Holodiscus discolor ), Oregon grape ( Mahonia nervosa ), creeping Oregon grape ( Mahonia repens ), ninebark ( Physocarpus malvaceus ), big thimbleberry ( Rubus parviflorus ), and huckleberry ( Vaccinium membranaceum ) (Reed, 1993).
Baldhip rose distribution map from the USDA NRCS PLANTS Database
Adaptation Baldhip rose is adapted to soils with medium texture, moderate fertility, and neutral pH (USDA NRCS, 2013). It can tolerate a moderate level of salinity. It grows in areas receiving 12 to 24 inches of annual precipitation (USDA NRCS, 2013) at sea level to 6,000 feet elevation (Hitchcock et al.,
- and often grows in shade (Piper 1989; and Hungerford, 1986 as cited by Reed, 1993). The plant is adapted to low and medium severity fires (Reed, 1993), and is moderately tolerant of drought (USDA NRCS, 2013).
Rosa gymnocarpa thorns. Ben Legler, University of Washington Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture
Rosa gymnocarpa fruit (hip). Ben Legler, University of Washington Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture
NOOTKA ROSE
Rosa nutkana C. Presl
Plant Symbol = RONU
Rosa nutkana flower. Ben Legler, University of Washington Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture
Rosa nutkana flower. Ben Legler, University of Washington Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture
Distribution Nootka rose grows in western North America, from the Rocky Mountain states to the Pacific Coast, and in British Columbia and Alaska. The genus is divided into three subspecies: subsp. macdougalii , melina and nutkana (Lewis and Ertter, 2007). Divisions are based on differences in morphological characteristics and geographic regions. The subspecies that grows in the Inland Northwest region is subsp. macdougalii. It grows in the intermontane area between the Rocky Mountains and Cascade Mountains from Colorado and Utah to central British Columbia at elevations below 7,500 feet. Subsp. melina grows at high elevations (7500 to 11,400 feet) in the southern Rocky Mountains of Colorado, New Mexico and Utah and is rare in Montana, Wyoming and southern Idaho; and subsp. nutkana grows at elevations below 7,500 feet west of the Cascade Mountains, along the Pacific Coast from northern California to Alaska (Lewis and Ertter, 2007).
Description of Rosa nutkana subsp. macdougalii Rose family (Rosaceae). Rosa nutkana subsp. macdougalii is an erect to spreading, long-lived native shrub. It grows 3 to 9 feet tall and forms loose thickets. Stems are slender, often very dark brown to black. Stems typically have straight or rarely curved thorns, or are sometimes unarmed. The thorns are often in pairs at the base of each leaf. Leaves are alternate, deciduous, and odd-pinnate with 5 to 9 leaflets. Leaflets are elliptic to elliptic-ovate with smooth undersides and singly serrated margins. Flowers occur at the ends of branches, bloom May through July, and are usually solitary and large. Petals are 1 to 1.6 inches long, light to dark pink, and have broad notches. Sepals are restricted in the middle, then expanded toward the tip and are nearly as long as the petals, and usually do not have glands. Flowers have numerous stamens and pistils, and the styles are deciduous as the fruit matures. The fruit is a round to pear-shaped hypanthium (hip) 0.5 to 0.8 inch wide. It matures in August to September, is bright red to reddish purple, and has persistent sepals.
WOODS’ ROSE
Rosa woodsii Lindl.
Plant Symbol = ROWO
Rosa woodsii flowers. Don Knoke, University of Washington Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture
Rosa woodsii pedicel and sepals. G.D. Carr, Oregon State University
Distribution Rosa woodsii grows in Wisconsin south to Texas and west to the Pacific coast and Alaska. It grows in all of the Canadian provinces except in the far north and east. The genus is divided into five subspecies: subsp. woodsii , manca , arizonica , ultramontana , and gratissima (Lewis and Ertter, 2007). Divisions are based on differences in morphological characteristics and geographic regions. The subspecies that grows in the Inland Northwest is subsp. ultramontana. It grows in the intermontane area between the Rocky Mountains and Cascade Mountains, from British Columbia to the Great Basin. Subspecies woodsii grows in the prairies and plains of central North America to the low elevations of the Rocky Mountains and adjacent southwest; subsp. manca is endemic to the high elevations in the Rocky Mountains and outlying peaks and ridges; subsp. arizonica is found in the low mountains and high riparian areas in northern Arizona and New Mexico, and in Colorado to Nevada, with possible disjuncts in southern Idaho; and subsp. gratissima is found in the southwestern Great Basin, Mojave desert and nearby mountains (Lewis and Ertter, 2007).
Description of Rosa woodsii subsp. ultramontana Rose family (Rosaceae). Rosa woodsii subsp. ultramontana is a spreading to erect, long-lived native shrub. It grows 3 to 9 feet tall and forms loose or dense thickets. Stems are straight, red to grey- brown and have straight thorns or are unarmed. The thorns are scattered and/or occur singly or in pairs at the base of each leaf. Leaves are alternate, deciduous, and odd-pinnate with 5 to 9 leaflets. Leaflets are elliptic to obovate with singly or doubly serrated margins, and undersides can have short hairs or glands, or are smooth. Flowers occur at the ends of branches, bloom May through July, usually occur in clusters of 3 to 10, and are relatively small. Petals are 0.6 to 1 inch long, are light to dark pink and have broad notches. Sepals are usually smooth and nearly as long as the petals. Flowers have numerous stamens and pistils, and the styles are deciduous as the fruit matures. The fruit is a round, elliptic or pear-shaped hypanthium (hip) 0.25 to 0.5 inch wide. It matures in August to September, is bright red to reddish purple, and has persistent sepals. The fruit contains numerous seeds that are angled achenes. The plant reproduces sexually by seed and
vegetatively by sprouts, rhizomes and layering. (Hitchcock et al., 1969; Hitchcock and Cronquist, 1973; Young and Young, 1992; Parish et al., 1996; Welch, 2004; Hauser, 2006; Lewis and Ertter, 2007; Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, 2012; Turner, 2012).
The genus name Rosa is an ancient Latin name for rose (St. John, 1963; Hitchcock and Cronquist, 1973). The species name woodsii is in honor of Joseph Woods (1776-1864), who was an English architect, geologist and botanist. He was a member of the Linnean Society and published several botanical works, including the Synopsis of the British Species of Rosa (1818) and The Tourist’s Flora: A Descriptive Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Ferns of the British Islands, France, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, and the Italian Islands (1850) (Charters, 2012).
Rosa woodsii distribution from the USDA PLANTS Database
Rosa woodsii hips. Ben Legler, University of Washington Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture
Habitat Rosa woodsii is a widely adapted species and grows in many habitat types. It is an understory plant in dry and moist forest communities, and grows in sagebrush ( Artemisia spp.), mountain, plains and desert grasslands, prairie, and alpine habitats (Hauser, 2006). The plant occurs in several stages of succession, including early seral stages (Hauser, 2006). It often colonizes sites disturbed by fire, land cuts and fills, bank erosion, and animal activity (Hauser, 2006). It is a facultative upland species; it primarily grows on upland sites, but can be found in wetlands (Hansen et al., 1990, as cited by Hauser, 2006). It is found in riparian areas, in marshes, along lakeshores, in rocky ravines and canyons, along roadsides, and on all aspects of upland slopes (Shaw et al., 2004).
Adaptation Woods’ rose is adapted to medium and coarse textured, moderately fertile soils with pH that is moderately acidic (5.0) to slightly basic (8.0) (USDA NRCS, 2013). It grows in open and shaded areas receiving 12 to 40 inches of annual precipitation. It is moderately tolerant of drought (USDA NRCS, 2013) and seasonal flooding (Hauser, 2006). All subspecies grow at low to mid-elevations, except subsp. manca , which is endemic to high elevations (Lewis and Ertter, 2007). The plant will regrow following a fire, however intense or multiple fires may damage or kill the crown (Wasser, 1982, as cited by Shaw et al., 2004).
