Rule of Assumption (A):
(Alright in all honesty this one is pretty simple so can't super simplify it) "An assumption
may be produced at any time in an argument."
Modus Ponendo Ponens (MPP):
The MPP is not extremely difficult but the terminology is a little confusing, aancdedents,
conditional rulings, and the P's and Q's are a little too random for my liking so what is the
layman's simple terms for this: IF A THEN B, and IF A is true THAN so is B.This is just
essentially the process of connecting statements.& ON slide 41 there is a good fallacy that is
written for MPP, but I believe it's only something that can be done in written language.&&
EX: If you are an American, You're From America, Therefore if someone is from America,
they are an American.&
Modus Tollendo Tollens (MTT):
This takes essentially MPP and flips the value of it by adding in a new consequence of one of
the premises.& This is telling us: IF A THEN B, but IF NOT B (or B is not True) THEN NOT
A (Than A is also not true) There is also a good example of the fallacy on slide 41 which is
very helpful.&
EX: If the stocks are strong you'll make money, but if you're not making money, then the
stocks aren't strong
Double Negations (DN):&
Double Negation is super simple when you compare it to Math. This is exactly like the rule in
Math of double negatives, so basically if you have the number -7, in Math it's 7 below 0, but
if we add another negative symbol we get --7 and it becomes positive 7 or normal 7.& So in
Deductive Logic, we are taking a: NEGATED A or -A and making it --A, which gives us
A. When written in logical terms and sentences we use 2 negative phrases in the same
sentence and it reverts to positive:&
EX. "It's not like I had no time".&
Conditional Proof (CP):&
Conditional Proof is a little wordy but basically, this is the part where we try and prove Rule
A, we are proving an Assumption is correct.& So for example if we believe that: IF A THEN
B, the CONDITIONAL PROOF would be us proving that IF A THEN B is logical: EX.
If a lion is hungry then the Lion is eating: If it's hungry and wants to eat food it must seek
food. So then we get this line of reasoning:
Assumption: "Lion is Hungry"
Logical Consequence: "Lion seeks food"&
