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the simplest possible kind of true experiment is ___
- a one-group design
- a two-groups design
- a one-way design
- a 2 X 2 factorial design Correct Answer: a two-groups design The major limitation of one-way experimental designs is that they only allow researchers to look at one ______ at a time.
- independent variable
- dependent variable
- control group
- treatment condition Correct Answer: independent variable
How many cells (i.e., how many unique experimental conditions) are there in a 2 x 2 x 3 completely between-subjects factorial experiment?
- 6
- 7
- 12
- there is no way to tell without knowing more about the design Correct Answer: 12 In the Gilbert et al. (1988) study of causal attribution discussed in the text, the researchers independently manipulated cognitive load (low vs. high) and discussion topics (anxiety-provoking vs. relaxing). Thus, the design of this study was ______.
- a one-way, four-groups design
- a latin square factorial
- a mixed-model design
- a 2x2 factorial design Correct Answer: a 2x2 factorial design In a 2 x 2 factorial study, what is the maximum number of main effects that you could possibly observe?
- one
If you plotted the results of a factorial study using lines whose slopes represent mean differences across different experimental conditions, the presence of a statistical interaction would show up in the form of ______.
- lines that are separated by a statistically significant distance
- lines that generally slope upward
- lines that generally slope downward
- nonparallel lines Correct Answer: nonparallel lines Consider the findings of the hypothetical study of plant growth summarized below (and in your text): Amount of Sunlight Received Amount of Water Received Low High Row Means Low 22.4 25.6 24. High 10.8 37.2 24. Column Means 16.6 31.
This study appears to have yielded ______.
- only a main effect of sunlight
- only a main effect of water
- both a main effect of sunlight and a sunlight x water interaction
- both a main effect of water and a sunlight x water interaction Correct Answer: both a main effect of sunlight and a sunlight x water interaction a disordinal interaction is the same as _______.
- a crossover interaction
- a spreading interaction
- a two-way interaction
- an interaction and two significant main effects Correct Answer: a crossover interaction When an effect exists at one level of a second independent variable but is weaker or nonexistent at a different level of the second independent variable, the observed pattern is referred to as a ______.
- crossover interaction
- spreading interaction
- reducing the number of conditions
- making experimental tasks as brief as possible
- varying the order of presentation conditions
- avoiding tasks that interfere with performance on a subsequent task Correct Answer: varying the order of presentation of conditions Maurice conducted a 2 x 2 completely within-subjects experiment. He counterbalanced all of his within-subjects conditions by making use of 24 different orders. If he used 24 different orders, which form of counterbalancing must he have used?
- reverse counterbalancing
- an ideal latin square
- randomized comprehensive counterbalancing
- complete counterbalancing Correct Answer: complete counterbalancing A Latin square is one specific example of ______.
- ideal counterbalancing
- partial counterbalancing
- complete counterbalancing
- reverse counterbalancing
Correct Answer: partial counterbalancing To find out whether participants figured out what was being manipulated in an experiment, an experimenter is most likely to use a ______ immediately after participants have completed the study.
- post-manipulation interview
- feedback protocol
- manipulation check
- structured debriefing Correct Answer: structured debriefing What counterbalancing technique uses only two orders -- while also guaranteeing that the average serial position of any given condition in a study is exactly the same for all the unique conditions?
- reverse counterbalancing
- partial counterbalancing
- structured debriefing
- serial position counterbalancing Correct Answer: reverse counterbalancing
- a precise, mathematical form of reasoning Correct Answer: a set of mathematical procedures for summarizing and interpreting observations The technical term for what statistics help us summarize and interpret is ______.
- rational numbers
- distributions
- conclusions
- data Correct Answer: data Measures of dispersion provide information about ______.
- the most frequently occurring score in a distribution
- the middle score in a distribution
- the variability of the scores in a distribution
- the average of the scores in a distribution Correct Answer: the variability of the scores of the distribution If you were to graph the six possible scores that can be obtained by rolling a single six- sided die, what type of distribution would you have?
- normal distribution
- rectangular distribution
- bimodal distribution
- none of these Correct Answer: rectangular distribution Which of the following is an inferential rather than a descriptive statistic?
- alpha
- standard deviation
- median
- mean Correct Answer: alpha Which of the following is a measure of dispersion?
- alpha
- standard deviation
- median
- mode Correct Answer: standard deviation
- modal Correct Answer: normal If a set of scores is normally distributed, then about ______ of the scores should fall within one standard deviation from the mean.
- a quarter
- half
- two thirds
- 90% Correct Answer: two thirds The probability of rolling a 3 on a single roll with an unbiased six-sided die is ______.
- 1/
- 1/
- 1/
- 1/ Correct Answer: 1/ If two fair coins are flipped, what is the probability both coins will turn up heads? -.
Correct Answer:. When computing inferential statistics, we usually want to know the likelihood of getting results ______.
- exactly like those we observed--based on chance
- as extreme as or more extreme than those we observed--based on chance
- as significant as ours--based on chance
- exactly like ours if the null hypothesis is false Correct Answer: as extreme as or more extreme than those we observed--based on chance How many total unique outcomes (unique patterns such as an H, H, T.. .) are there for a series of 10 fair coin tosses?
- 2x10=20 unique outcomes
- 10^2=100 unique outcomes
- 2^2x10^2=400 unique outcomes
- 2^10=1,024 unique outcomes Correct Answer: 2^10=1,024 unique outcomes
- increase the sample size
- effect size isn't important, so nothing needs to be done Correct Answer: increase the sample size Increasing the number of ______ in a study is one of the best ways to increase the chances of detecting a real effect.
- participants
- dependent variables
- controls
- manipulations Correct Answer: participants According to the text, a good way to avoid Type II errors is to ______.
- word the dependent measures carefully
- make sure that the independent variables are meaningful
- choose the right population
- all of these Correct Answer: all of these The hourglass approach to writing research papers is a technique for ______.
- determining how much time to spend on different parts of a manuscript
- avoiding writer's block by giving yourself deadlines in bits and pieces
- quickly generating a first draft of a paper before making subsequent revisions
- structuring and organizing an empirical research paper Correct Answer: structuring and organizing an empirical research paper In the introduction to an empirical research paper, one should ______.
- open broadly, become specific, and then become broad again
- open specifically, become broad, and then become more specific again
- include periodic reminders of your specific research hypothesis
- gradually become more specific as you build your argument Correct Answer: gradually become more specific as you build your argument Which of the following is most appropriate to include in the Results section of a research paper?
- citations of the source of any dependent measures used in the research
- a detailed justification of what happened to participants in all conditions of the study
- the results of specific statistical tests
- all of these should be included in one's Results section Correct Answer: the results of specific statistical tests
The advice to be cautious in writing research reports refers to ______.
- replicating your results to be sure they are reliable before trying to publish
- being careful about the conclusions you draw from your research findings
- sticking very close to the research methods used by others to study a topic
- reporting only results that prove to be statistically significant Correct Answer: replicating your results to be sure they are reliable before trying to publish Results revealed that the sociologists (M = 4.34, SD = 1.51) were lower than the psychologists (M = 5.29, SD = 1.57) in terms of self-esteem, t(119) = - 14.84, p < .001. What rule of good writing does this sentence violate?
- being coherent
- being correct
- being concise
- being easy on the eyes Correct Answer: being easy on the eyes According to the text, what should writers do to produce concise research papers?
- avoid ever saying the same thing twice
- make use of abbreviations
- omit needless words
- all of these Correct Answer: omit needless words Authors who overuse quotations violate the rule of good writing known as ______.
- being original
- having a voice
- looking forward
- being assertive Correct Answer: being assertive A good way to be gender neutral in scientific writing is to ______.
- write in the pluperfect
- write in the plural
- use gender neutral phrases such as "he/she" or "him or her"
- use hypotheticals Correct Answer: write in the plural Which of the following is one of the pieces of advice Gilbert offers for giving a good research talk?
