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SBCC Bobro Ethics Unit 2 Exam With Correct
Answers 100% Verified Latest Update
What standard for safety of SCNT does Gregory Pence believe is appropriate to its being accepted? - ANSWER That SCNT are acceptable when their risks no greater than that tolerated or accepted by ordinary people when reproducing sexually.
What is the primary point that Pence makes in his article "Will Cloning Harm People?" - ANSWER to object to consequentialist objections to cloning.
Which of the following is an example of a virtue of character? (a) Tallness (b) Generosity (c) Physical Beauty (d) Simplicity - ANSWER (b) Generosity
According to Sandel, eugenics and genetic enhancement can be seen to be wrong from a religious perspective, because: - ANSWER In using them, we would confuse our role in creation with God's role.
Sandel's argument against genetic engineering can best be thought of as: - ANSWER A virtue ethics approach
Who does Peter Singer say is one historical defender of the principle of equal consideration of interests who was one of the few to recognize that the principle applies to members of other species as well as to our own? - ANSWER Jeremy Bentham
What, on Singer's view, is the only defensible boundary of concern for the interests of others? - ANSWER Sentience
Why, according to Carl Cohen, can't animals be bearers of rights? - ANSWER Because rights are essentially human.
For the purposes of Norcross's discussion, to claim that humans have a superior ethical status to animals is to claim that: - ANSWER It is morally right to give the interests of humans greater weight than those of animals in deciding how to behave.
Reproductive cloning - ANSWER The cloning of a human being.
Therapeutic cloning - ANSWER The production of embryos for use in medical research
Steps of reproductive cloning - ANSWER 1) The nucleus of an unfertilized egg is removed.
The nucleus of another cell is removed and.
Inserted into the "hollow" unfertilized egg, which is.
Implanted into a female's uterus.
Natural Law Theory argument for/against cloning - ANSWER Cloning is wrong because of breaks the natural connection between sex and reproduction - it represents "unnatural" activities. Unnatural things are morally wrong.
Kantian Moral Theory argument for/against cloning - ANSWER Cloning violates the dignity of the individual being cloned. It involves treating the individual as a mere means to some end.
Consequentialism argument for/against cloning - ANSWER If we allow cloning, it will open the door to other similar actions and practices that will eventually lead us down a slope to disastrous results. So we ought not to allow it. This is a slippery slope argument.
Rights approach argument for/against cloning - ANSWER 1) Argument for cloning: Assisted reproduction are included with a general right to reproductive liberty. On this basis, one might argue that cloning should be regarded as something we may choose and which is presumptively morally permissible.
- Argument against cloning: Therapeutic cloning destroys the embryo and some say embryos have a right to life.
Does Kass argue for or against cloning? - ANSWER He is against reproductive cloning but thinks therapeutic cloning is debatable.
Why does Kass believe people view the concept of cloning as repugnant? - ANSWER Because it violates things which we rightfully hold dear, not because the undertaking is strange or novel.
What are some objections to cloning which Kass addresses? - ANSWER 1) Cloning is a form of unethical experimentation.
In animal cloning, fewer than 2-3% of all cloning attempts succeed.
- Cloning jeopardizes identity and individuality.
- The cloned individual will be compared to the original person. Parents normally have hopes for their children but parents of clones will place expectations on them.
- Cloning turns procreation into manufacture.
- Cloning leads to the dehumanization of clones. Procreation dehumanized into manufacture is further degraded by commodification.
- Cloning means despotism (absolute power) over children and perversion (alteration from an original course) of parenthood.
Kass argues that cloning will lead to what kind of world? - ANSWER A dystopian world much like the one described in Brave New World.
T/F: According to Kass, one problem with cloning is that cloned individuals are likely to experience psychological and social identity problems. - ANSWER True.
T/F: Kass's only argument against cloning is that is will lead to a dystopian world much like the one described in Brave New World. - ANSWER False.
T/F: Kass says that very few people think about cloning from the point of view of the cloned child, but rather from the point of view of the adults choosing to clone. - ANSWER False.
On Kass's view, cloning "turns cloning into _____" because "the total genetic Bluetooth of the cloned individual is selected and determined by the human ortisans. - ANSWER Manufacture.
Kass says that in some cases _____ is "the emotional expression of deep wisdom, beyond reason's power to completely articulate it." - ANSWER Wisdom.
Does Pence argue for or against cloning? - ANSWER For cloning.
What harms argument does Pence oppose? How does he oppose it? - ANSWER The argument that is wrong to clone because person who is cloned will have unnecessary harm, either because of something in the process of cloning or because unique expectations are placed upon child who results.
Pence replies that normal sexual reproduction does not result in healthy children always. Nor can a person consent until he is born. Risk should not stop people from procreation and nothing in life is risk-free.
With which, if any, of the humanity arguments does Pence argue? To which does he object? How might you argue against Pence's argument? - ANSWER The argument that cloning would harm humanity inasmuch as it will be everywhere in the future.
- Pence replies that generating humans by SCNT will never be commonplace, since IVF is only 15% effective and IVF is very costly. Most fears about human cloning are based on ignorance and neither evolution nor human sex nor family or society is in any way threatened by cloning.
- You might respond to Pence that he doesn't know that IVF will not become common in the future.
How does Pence respond to the argument that cloning is dangerous? - ANSWER 1) Being in a car is more dangerous for children than cloning is.
Loss of human embryos during sexual reproduction is a normal part of human conception and, w/o this process, humanity might suffer much more genetic disease. So why is cloning failure wrong?
Embryos are not persons with rights to life. Their value is all potential, little actual.
In responding to the objection that choosing a child's genotype will tell us how the new child will live, Pence argues this sort of reasoning is based on a false view of genetic _____. - ANSWER Determinism/Reductionism.
According to Virtue Ethics, an action is right. - ANSWER If and only if it is what a virtuous agent (someone with high moral standards) would not avoid in doing in circumstances under consideration.
What is a virtue? - ANSWER A trait of character or mind that involves dispositions to act and think in certain ways, and that is central in the positive evaluation of persons.
What is a vice? - ANSWER A trait of character or mind that involves dispositions to act and think in certain ways, and that is central in the negative evaluation of persons.
- Ex. Dishonesty and cowardice.
What occurs when two virtues come into conflict in a situation, ex. lying and loyalty? - ANSWER You have to make the judgment call as to which virtue carries the most weight in the situation.
What kind of ethics does Aristotle employ? - ANSWER Virtue ethics.
Given Aristotle, what are the features of the good? - ANSWER 1) The good is the end of the action.
- The good is complete.
Given Aristotle, how does one acquire a virtue of character? - ANSWER By habituation. None of the virtues of character arise in us naturally.
- Ex. Eyesight is not acquired by exercising it.
According to Aristotle, virtue and vice are formed by - ANSWER By good and bad
actions.
- Ex. Building well makes good builders, building bad makes bad builders.
According to Aristotle, is virtue a feeling, capacity, or state? - ANSWER A state.
According to Aristotle, virtue is of what classes? - ANSWER 1) Virtue of character.
- Virtue of thought.
- Arises and grows mostly from teaching, and hence needs experience and time.
According to Aristotle, are natural capacities acquired by habituation? - ANSWER No.
- Ex. We did not acquire eyesight, we did not get eyesight by exercising it.
- But we do acquire virtues.
According to Aristotle, virtue and vice are formed from what? - ANSWER Good and bad actions.
What is a state? - ANSWER What we have when we are well or badly off in relation to things.
- Ex. Our feeling is too intense.
What classifications of virtues of character does Aristotle give? - ANSWER 1) Virtues concerned with feelings.
Virtues concerned with external goods.
Virtues concerned with social life.
Mean states that are not virtues.
Aristotle's moral theory is a version of. - ANSWER Virtue ethics.
of natural _____" - ANSWER Talent.
On Sandel's view, "striving is not the point of sports; _____ is." - ANSWER Striving????
What is direct moral standing? - ANSWER When something, independently of its relation to other things or creatures, possesses features in virtue of which it deserves to be given moral consideration by agents who are capable of making moral choices.
- Ex. A creature has rights.
- Ex. We have duties to something and not just duties with regard to it.
- Look at animals themselves, not humans and how they feel about certain animal abuse.
What is indirect moral standing? - ANSWER When something deserves moral consideration only because it is related to something with direct moral standing.
- Ex. One's material possessions.
- Looks at humans and how they feel about certain animal abuse, doesn't look at animals themselves.
What is the consequentialism approach to the ethical treatment of animals? - ANSWER Since many animals can experience pleasure and pain, they have direct moral standing and must be factored into our decision making.
- Many of our present practices involving the use of animals are morally wrong because of the overall net happiness.
What is the rights approach to the ethical treatment of animals? - ANSWER Nonhuman animals possess the relevant characteristics that qualify them for having rights, including right to life, some kinds of liberty, and happiness.
- Animals have direct moral standing.
What is the virtue ethics approach to the ethical treatment of animals? - ANSWER Animal testing is a vice that represents a lack of the virtue of humility.
Mary's laptop deserves moral consideration only because she owns it and cares about it. Thus, Mary's laptop has _____ - ANSWER Indirect moral standing.
If animals have no direct or indirect moral standing, then using them for human purposes is _____ wrong. - ANSWER Never wrong.
T/F: Because animals cannot be virtuous, a virtue ethics approach cannot be applied within the context of the ethics of eating animals. - ANSWER False.
T/F: Most of those philosophers who have proposed the principle of equality have recognized that the principle applies to members of other species as it does to our own.
Does Singer believe animals have intrinsic or extrinsic value? - ANSWER Intrinsic value.
According to Singer, the capacity for suffering and enjoyment is a prerequisite for having. - ANSWER Interests at all, a condition that must be satisified before we can speak of interests in a meaningful way.
What type of ethics approach does Singer use? - ANSWER Utilitarian (equality) approach.
According to singer, what is the only definsible boundary of concern for the interests of others? - ANSWER Sentience.
Is Singer for or against the use of animals? - ANSWER It depends on the situation. As long as we remember that we should give the same respect to the lives of animals as we give to those humans at a similar mental level, we shall not go far wrong.
According to Singer, what is the single relevant factor in determining whether something has moral status? - ANSWER Sentience.
someone's rights.
What is a negative right?- ANSWER An entitlement of the noninterference and thus involves a claim by the rights holder that others refrain from interfering with them engaging in some activity.
- Ex. A right to free speech.
What is a positive right? - ANSWER A right that involves the rights holder being entitled to something and thus having a valid claim that some other party do or provide something to that rights holder.
- Ex. The right to a standard of living ยท provided by the government.
What is a basic right? - ANSWER A universal right that is especially important in the lives of individuals.
-Ex. Rights to life and liberty.
What are the conditions of rights-based moral theory? - ANSWER An action is right if in performing it either (a) one does not violate the moral rights of others, or (b) in cases where it is not possible to respect all such rights because they are in conflict, one's action is among the best ways to protect the most important rights in the case at hand.
Do consequentialists, kantians, and natural law theorists recognize rights? - ANSWER Yes, but on these theories rights are not what is basic in the theory unlike rights-based moral theory.
A positive right of A against B would involves A's claim that. - ANSWER B do or provide something to A.
T/F: Rights-based moral theory holds that it is sometimes impossible to respect all the fundamental moral rights of others. - ANSWER True.
A rights-based moral theory is a moral theory according to which rights are more basic than right _____. - ANSWER Action.
What is Cohen's main belief? - ANSWER Non-human animals lack moral rights, even though human has moral obligations with regard to them.
According to Cohen, what gives humans rights but not other animals? - ANSWER Moral autonomy is uniquely human.
What arguments does Cohen present? - ANSWER 1) Animals cannot be the bearer of rights because the concept of rights is essentially human. They are amoral.
We would not stop a lion from killing an infant zebra but we would stop it from killing a human child.
When using animals in our research we ought to be humane - but we can never violate the rights of those animals because they have none.
- Rights entail obligations but not all obligations are entailed by rights.
- Ex. Hosts have the obligation to be cordial to their guests, but the guest has not the right to demand cordiality.
Animals cannot exhibit moral autonomy***
Even though children make no moral claims or judgments they still have rights because rights are universally human. They are part of the moral community.
Moral autonomy is uniquely human and is what gives humans rights.
Based on the selection, what is Cohen's view of the moral status of non-human animals? ANSWER They are amoral.
What is one thing that Cohen says could generate duties? - ANSWER Rights, special relations, and freely made commitments.
T/F: Cohen believes that humans really do have some moral obligations to animals. - ANSWER True.
T/F: According to Cohen, it is true that animals do have inherent value in a sense. -
What ethics theory does Singer employ and what argument does he make with it? - ANSWER A utilitarian case for the direct moral standing of animals.
What ethics theory does Cohen utilize and what argument does he use it for? - ANSWER A challenge to animals rights _ _ (he doesn't really use a moral theory).
What ethics theory does Norcross utilize and what argument does he use it for? - ANSWER A consequentialist argument against eating meat.
In reproductive cloning, what type of cell is taken? -ANSWER A mature somatic cell from an animal they want to duplicate. This cell's DNA is inserted into an egg cell that had its own DNA-containing nucleus removed.
Kass believes that behind our repugnance of reproductive cloning, there is _____. -ANSWER Wisdom.
- This doesn't prove cloning is wrong, but shows that a red flag for cloning.
Who presented the argument of unethical experimentation and what does it state?
What other arguments did this ethicist provide? - ANSWER Kass (a consequentialist argument):
Cloning has a high incidence of deformities.
To engage in a process that puts individuals at risk of deformities is wrong.
The benefits of cloning do not constitute sufficiently good reason to override the reasons against that concern possible deformities.
Therefore, reproductive cloning is morally wrong.
- But this argument does not have good form because it should instead say learning how to clone is morally wrong. In the future deformities from cloning could be almost non-existent.
- Other arguments: "Identity" argument argument, manufacturing argument, and the despotism argument.
Who argued the "identity" argument and what does it say? What other arguments did this ethicist present? - ANSWER Kass (a consequentialist argument):
Cloned individuals would inevitably suffer some psychic and social identity problems peculiar to being a clone.
That some practice would likely cause such suffering is a good moral reason for being morally opposed to it.
So, there is good moral reason for being opposed to human cloning.
- But: Identity problems are not inevitable.
- Other arguments: Unethical experimentation argument, manufacturing argument, and the despotism argument.
Who presented the manufacturing argument and what does it contend? What other arguments did this ethicist offer? - ANSWER Kass (a consequentialist argument):
Reproductive cloning involves genetic selection and reproductive technology.
The result of technology is an artifact. Add to this the "commodification" of cloning and.
Therefore, the cloned individual will not "stand on the same plane" as the parents and scientists who were responsible for cloning that individual.
Having such a status (not being on the same plane) is dehumanizing.
Actions that constitute dehumanizing existence are morally wrong.
Thus cloning is morally wrong.
- But you can argue against #2 because "natural" birth in hospitals use technology. You can argue against #3 because IVF commodification has not happened yet so why should it happen to cloning?
What is the central question of virtue theory? - ANSWER "What kind of person should I be?"
Not: "What should I do?"
According to Aristotle, what must a human being be in order to live rationally and successfully in society? - ANSWER Brave.
According to Aristotle what is the happy or good life? - ANSWER Living rationally and successfully in society.
Are Aristotle's virtues extreme (too much), extreme (too little), or inbetween? - ANSWER Inbetween.
- Extremes of Aristotle's virtues are vices.
Aristotle's virtues are based on what? - ANSWER Moderation.
According to Aristotle, can a Nazi be courageous? - ANSWER No because courage requires rationality.
Does Sandel object to genetic enhancement out of perfectionism it tends towards? - ANSWER No. He objects out of, its expressive and promoting the human disposition- a person's inherent qualities of mind and character; this becomes the profoundest moral objections against enhancement genetics.
Sandel claims the reason that genetics enhancement isn't virtuous is that because: It violates humility.
What is the autonomy argument? Does Sandel agree or disagree with it? - ANSWER Autonomy argument: You as a parent enhancing your child causes a lack of autonomy for the child to choose their traits.
- Sandel disagrees because:
- (1) Children are never free to choose their characteristics for themselves anyways.
- (2) Our concern for autonomy does not explain our moral hesitation about people genetically enhancing themselves.
What is the fairness argument? Does Sandel agree or disagree with it? - ANSWER Fairness argument: Wealthy people would be able to access genetic enhancement and disadvantage the poor even more.
- Sandel disagrees because genetics are already unfair but we don't force naturally good athletes to wear heavy bags.
Is Sandel against genetic enhancement? - ANSWER He believes genetic enhancement is morally questionable.
According to Sandel, from a religious perspective, what is wrong with genetic enhancement? - ANSWER It confuses are role with God's.
According to Sandel, from a secular perspective, what is wrong with genetic enhancement? - ANSWER It makes it difficult to view our talents as gifts for which we are indebted rather than as achievments for which we are responsible.
What is an Aristotelian criticism of Sandel's argument? - ANSWER What if you are enhancing yourself to become more virtuous? Is it not virtuous to try to increase your chances of becoming virtuous?
Does direct moral standing come in terms of intrinsic value and/or rights? - ANSWER Both.
Does Singer believe human life is sacred? - ANSWER No.
- Kant disagrees with this.
According to rights-based moral theory, can rights be derived from other things? - ANSWER No. Other things are derived from rights.
