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Scientific Study of Crime, Criminals, and Criminal Behavior - Report | CJ 113, Papers of Criminology

Cayuga Community College Criminology

Prof. John E. Lamphere

Material Type: Paper; Professor: Lamphere; Class: Criminology; Subject: Criminal Justice; University: Cayuga County Community College; Term: Unknown 1989;

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Criminology

Chapter 1

Is the scientific study of crime, criminals, and criminal

behavior.

Criminologists:

Not only identify crime problems, but also analyze,

interpret and systematically organize the relevant data.

Criminologists in the typical definition are a specialized

entity of professionals.

I also state that all police should be criminologists.

Criminology and the Scientific Approach

•Objectivity

Refers to the ability and willingness on the part of the

student or researcher to study the subject matter of a given

field without prejudice or bias.

But we are humans and we all have prejudices and

biases.

Can we eliminate these feelings and preconceived

conditions?

This is particularly important when it comes to the

research part as if they are not controlled, you will

format the data accrued to reflect that what it is you

believe in, versus that which the information portrays.

•Factual Data and Precision

It has to be factual and not personal beliefs or

speculation. Involves maintaining a high degree of accuracy

in the collection and analysis of data. Must develop a

research design which defines all aspects and particulars

of the method for collection of data.

•Verification and Appraisal

Outside sources have to agree as to what it is you are

attempting to claim.

Partial preview of the text

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Criminology Chapter 1 Is the scientific study of crime, criminals, and criminal behavior. Criminologists: Not only identify crime problems, but also analyze, interpret and systematically organize the relevant data. Criminologists in the typical definition are a specialized entity of professionals. I also state that all police should be criminologists. Criminology and the Scientific Approach

Objectivity Refers to the ability and willingness on the part of the student or researcher to study the subject matter of a given field without prejudice or bias.  But we are humans and we all have prejudices and biases.  Can we eliminate these feelings and preconceived conditions?  This is particularly important when it comes to the research part as if they are not controlled, you will format the data accrued to reflect that what it is you believe in, versus that which the information portrays.
Factual Data and Precision It has to be factual and not personal beliefs or speculation. Involves maintaining a high degree of accuracy in the collection and analysis of data. Must develop a research design which defines all aspects and particulars of the method for collection of data.
Verification and Appraisal Outside sources have to agree as to what it is you are attempting to claim.

Criminological Perspectives

There are three main theoretical perspectives as to the causes of crime:

Functionalist or Consensus Perspective ….stresses social factors that reinforce cooperation and harmony in society We function within the law in proper manners because of the positive influence that an accepted society has upon us. We do not commit crimes because it is not condoned in our society Criminal Behavior: [Text; pg 11] Crimes are perceived as acts that violate the accepted legal code of the jurisdiction within which they occur. That is, behavior is “not a crime unless it is prohibited by the criminal law [that] is defined conventionally as a body of specific rules regarding human conduct which have been promulgated by political authority, which apply uniformly to all members of the classes to which the rules refer and which are enforced by punishment administered by the state”. Criminal Behavior: is any behavior that is in violation of the criminal law. Questions: Was that preceding statement really true? Does all crime have to be defined in law before it can be criminal? Are some acts that are not defined as criminal potentially criminal?

This theory states that those with the power make the rules and as a result, tend to inhibit those who do not have. These groups decide what are the social norms for a society; those patterns of positive and accepted expected behavior.
Conflict Perspective rejects the premise that laws serve to protect and benefit everyone; that there is equal application.

The Interactionist Perspective Focuses on social behavior from the standpoint of the individuals involved in day-to-day interaction.

Defines criminal behavior as a product of social learning.
People learn non-criminal and criminal ideas and behaviors from others through the ongoing process of symbolic interaction – the use of words, gestures, and actions to communicate the meaning of events, situations and behavior. Wait……… are these the only reasons crime occurs? How many of you in here have committed a criminal offense of some sorts?  Hopefully not a felony……….  Was the reason for your action because of the aforementioned theories?  Do some people do it just because they like to do it?  What about those who would normally not commit crimes but do so out of necessity?  What about the female doctoral student who prostitutes to pay her school bills…?

 What about all those other reasons we have always heard about such as biological, psychological, etc….?  Accidentally?  Where do these fit in? The Nature of Deviant & Criminal Behavior

All society establishes norms and identifies behavior that is deviant or criminal Deviant: - [noun] a person or thing that deviates or departs markedly from the accepted norm - [adj] deviating especially from an accepted norm Criminal:
relating to, involving, or being a crime Deviant Behavior is then defined as: behavior that does not conform to the social norms of a society, group or institution. Criminal Behavior is then defined as: behavior that violates the criminal laws of society. Questions  Is all deviant behavior criminal?  Is all criminal behavior deviant? Chapter 2 The Nature & Extent of Crime: Measuring Behavior Survey Research

Has any family member been the victim of a crime? Yes No
Do you own a firearm? Yes No
Where do you keep it normally? Home Vehicle Other N/A
Do you own or carry a personal defense spray? Yes No
Do you carry a knife or dangerous instrument regularly? Yes No
If you are a CCC student, do you bring any of the items asked in 3, 5 or 6 with you to school? Yes No N/A
Do you feel safe in the community you live in? Yes No
Do you feel safe in the neighborhood you live in? Yes No
Do you leave your house/apartment unlocked at night? Yes No
If you own a vehicle, do you leave the keys in the vehicle at night? Yes No N/A Crime Poll – Continued
Do you walk alone in your neighborhood at night? Yes No
Do you view law enforcement [police] as an entity that tends to hassle and infringe on your rights? Yes No
Do you feel the potential for violence and crimes against persons is as great at the college as it is at home or your workplace? Yes No N/A
Do you feel safe on the Fulton CCC Campus? Yes No
Do you feel there is adequate police protection offered to the campus? [Poll taker must identify as to term police] Yes No
Do you feel there is adequate Campus Security protection? Yes No

Do you feel that the Campus Security Officers should carry firearms? Yes No
Did you participate in the CCC poll offered last Fall and if so, did you respond differently to the security questions at that time? Yes No N/A
Do you feel that the Fulton Campus should increase security measures offered to the students, faculty and employees? Yes No
- If you answered Yes to Question #20 - what recommendations would you suggest increasing security measures at the college? Thank you for participating in this poll. All information from this will be formulated and posted at a later date. All information is confidential and your identity will not be disclosed. Students, faculty and employees of Cayuga Community College are able to participate in this poll. The poll is offered by CJ 113 Section 150 and not at the request of Cayuga Community Survey Research – The Interview An interview is a face-to-face conversation between two or more people, or one that can also be done over the telephone, for the purpose of obtaining information. The person conducting the interview – an interviewer

asks the person being interviewed – the respondent – predetermined questions [sometimes called a script ], usually with specific answers to select from to eliminate outside variables. While this is more time consuming, the advantages are:

Part I Offenses

Criminal homicide ―a.) Murder and non-negligent manslaughter: the willful (non-negligent) killing of one human being by another. Deaths caused by negligence, attempts to kill, assaults to kill, suicides, and accidental deaths are excluded. The Program classifies justifiable homicides separately and limits the definition to: (1) the killing of a felon by a law enforcement officer in the line of duty; or (2) the killing of a felon, during the commission of a felony, by a private citizen. b.) Manslaughter by negligence: the killing of another person through gross negligence. Traffic fatalities are excluded.
Forcible rape ― The carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will. Rapes by force and attempts or assaults to rape, regardless of the age of the victim, are included. Statutory offenses (no force used ―victim under age of consent) are excluded.
Robbery ― The taking or attempted taking of anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear.
Aggravated assault ― An unlawful attack by one person upon another for the purpose of inflicting severe or aggravated bodily injury. This type of assault usually is accompanied by the use of a weapon or by means likely to produce death or great bodily harm. Simple assaults are excluded.
Burglary (breaking or entering) ―The unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or a theft. Attempted forcible entry is included.
Larceny-theft (except motor vehicle theft) ―The unlawful taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession or constructive possession of another. Examples are thefts of bicycles or automobile accessories, shoplifting, pocket-picking, or the stealing of any property or article that is not

taken by force and violence or by fraud. Attempted larcenies are included. Embezzlement, confidence games, forgery, worthless checks, etc., are excluded.

Motor vehicle theft ―The theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle. A motor vehicle is self-propelled and runs on land surface and not on rails. Motorboats, construction equipment, airplanes, and farming equipment are specifically excluded from this category.
Arson ―Any willful or malicious burning or attempt to burn, with or without intent to defraud, a dwelling house, public building, motor vehicle or aircraft, personal property of another, etc. What is the problem with this program? Who supplies the information to the FBI?
Local and state police agencies Who verifies that the information provided is accurate?
No one Why wouldn’t the information be accurate and factual?
Do not want to make the agency look bad
Want to make the agency look better
Management intent
Political pressure
To pacify someone higher up
$$$$$$$$
Deliberate misinterpretation of laws and resulting arrests
Internal problems within the UCR as to the crimes that can be reported Chapter 3 Explanations for Criminal Behavior ……we will do no explanations……. Here is why: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Bentham-Project/Faqs/auto_icon.htm

Homicidal
Loud
Obnoxious
Sexually aggressive
Hungry
Boisterous
Behavior not common to that person Why some of you should avoid Alcohol :
More than half of all murderers / victims intoxicated at time of event
Alcohol linked to commission of many other criminal acts
¼ of all suicides – person is intoxicated
2/5 of all assaults done while perpetrator is intoxicated
Almost ½ of all men arrested for rape have a BAC of .10% or higher
All other sex crimes – alcohol present around 30%
1/3 of all incarcerated state inmates under influence of drugs
39% inmates report daily drug usage
16% report daily major drug usage Satanic Cults Satanic Cults http://www.satanicrituals.com/ http://www.dpjs.co.uk/ http://www.jesus-is-savior.com/False%20Religions/Wicca %20&%20Witchcraft/signs_of_satan.htm http://www.religion-cults.com/Occult/Satanism/Satanism.htm http://www.exposingsatanism.org/signsymbols.htm

Ch 5 – Psychological Explanations for Crime Psychiatric perspective – criminals are viewed as “SICK” is this true – are all criminals sick? Neurotic – a person who is less seriously mentally ill

an unstable person
a mental and emotional disorder that affects only part of the personality, is accompanied by a less distorted perception of reality than in a psychosis, does not result in disturbance of the use of language, and is accompanied by various physical, physiological, and mental disturbances (as visceral symptoms, anxieties, or phobias) Psychotic – person who is more seriously mentally ill
fundamental derangement of the mind (schizophrenia) characterized by defective or lost contact with reality especially as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech and behavior
90% of all people diagnosed with a disorder are not violent or criminal
Incarcerated criminals - approximately 5 – 10% are psychotic This will include the 9.41 of Mental Health Law incarceration
All incarcerated – 16% are mentally disordered  The Forensic Unit of a jail Behavioral Reasons Social Learning Theory – people learn aggressive behavior in the same way they learn other social behavior – socialization.

National Crime Victimization Survey – NCVS

persons 12 and older experience 24 million crimes each year Of that – 5.7 million consist of violent crimes For every 1,000 people aged 12 and over – there occur annually
- 1 rape or sexual assault
- 2 assaults with injury
- 3 robberies Reported six murders per 100,000 people About ½ of all violent crimes are reported to police
- Is this number alarming and why?
- What is wrong with these stats?
- Recall the UCR definitions of all the above……….. More assault facts
- The NCVS reports that there are 3.5 million simple assaults/year
- They also report 1.2 million aggravated assaults
- With around 900,000 reported to law enforcement per the UCR
- 28% of aggravated assaults are committed with firearms
- Knives & cutting instruments in 18%
- Blunt objects in 36%
- Human in the remaining
- 43% in the south
- North(east) has only around 15%
- 56% nationwide clearance rate with law enforcement
- Resulting in approximately 500,000 arrests
- Whites make up 64% of those arrested
- Blacks 34%
- 80% of those arrested are male
- Juveniles involved in 12%

Crimes in the workplace Could this also include crimes in the school?

An average of 1.7 million violent victimizations [to be made a victim] were committed against people who were at work or on duty
Accounts for 18% of all violent crime nationwide
17% of all deaths in the workplace are homicides!
- second only to being hit by a vehicle while at work
95% of these were for aggravated or simple assault
Remaining would be murder, rape and other violent sex crimes
YET YOU STATED ON YOUR POLL THAT YOU FEEL SAFE ON THE FULTON CAMPUS OF CAYUGA COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Is this because there is something done differently here?
Is this because such a crime has never happened to you before at the workplace or the school?
Is this because you never considered crimes such as this occurring at
the workplace?
the school?
this college? Some reasons for violence in the workplace / school Individual Characteristics Includes feelings of helplessness and isolation, life stressors such as illness or divorce, paranoid personality or thinking patterns, and substance abuse. Precipitating Events Includes incidents of harassment by fellow workers / students or supervisors [instructors / staff], job change, job termination…

 And as this is based on NCVS stats, with only ½ of all violent crime and 58% of aggravated or simple assaults reported to police – that number of 23 is doubled to 46? Maybe to 53?  Would you state that 53 people on this campus as the true possible number as being a victim is too high? Is it a safe stat you can accept? Safety in the Workplace / school ……or as we will call it:  Safety in Cayuga Community College  35% of employees in one nationwide survey reported being the victim of harassment, threatened with violence or the victim of a simple assault.  {35% of this campus is more than the total number of people we polled}  This does not count for sexual harassment as that is a civil suit and investigation – although could result from a criminal incident such as forcible touching, sexual abuse or harassment.  The US Department of Justice reports that hate crimes and hate speech are on the rise of all US colleges and universities  Domestic violence carries over onto the campus and does not fall under the category of serious or violent crimes  Gender violence is increasing nationwide  We have demonstrated the potential for violence on this campus  We are not proactive – but at-risk  Do any of you wish to modify your responses to the crime poll?

Assault and abuse in the American Family Conflict

is a product of social interaction and an effort to resolve a decision-making impasse.
conflict can be both a good and bad device
good if the problem is solved and the tension eliminated
bad if it escalates to a higher degree Violence
is a behavior that threatens or causes physical damage to a person or an object
can be the end result of a failed conflict
usually the result of not trying to resolve the conflict
person may stifle their emotions versus addressing the problem
rather than address the problem
you “address” the source never a good thing violence can be against another person, animal or thing Nationwide Poll on Domestic Violence - [Women only polled]
34% of the US population has witnessed a man beating his spouse
14% of the women sampled had indicated that it happened to them
87% of those sampled indicated that the beating of women by their spouses is a serious problem
44% of Americans believe a man would beat a woman badly when they have a fight 19% indicated that this occurred often 25% indicated that if occurred sometimes
81% reported their belief that something could be done to end domestic violence. Of these polled: 26% said that they did not know what could be done

Scientific Study of Crime, Criminals, and Criminal Behavior - Report | CJ 113, Papers of Criminology

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Criminological Perspectives