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"Evidence in "open view" - CORRECT ANSWER=> processed before other items/bodies to make sure no undue damage is done to families by media or common talk." "3 kinds of evidence - CORRECT ANSWER=> Corpus delicti evidence - evidence that is needed to prove the commission of the crime Associative - connects the suspect to the scene or victim/ or connects the scene or victim to the suspect Tracing - identification and location of the suspect such as a discarded ID at the scene." "Crime scene patterns (patterns or techniques used to search an area after the boundary has been determined - CORRECT ANSWER=> Spiral, Grid, Strip/line, Quadrant/ or Zone, Pie/wheel" "Digital photography (far/medium/close) - CORRECT ANSWER=> Orientation - far, Relationship - medium, Identification - close, Comparison - close of evidence" "Class characteristics - CORRECT ANSWER=> not completely original, like the print of a Nike shoe" "Individual characteristics - CORRECT ANSWER=> fingerprints/footprints, etc." "Residue prints - CORRECT ANSWER=> prints left on a hard surface from a foot, shoe, or tire." "Impressions - CORRECT ANSWER=> prints left in something moldable like clay, dirt, snow, etc." "Plastic prints - CORRECT ANSWER=> prints left in something "tacky" like silly putty, fatty foods, caulking" "Patent/contaminated/visible - CORRECT ANSWER=> fingers contaminated with an oily substance touch a clean surface" "Latent/invisible - CORRECT ANSWER=> unseen or hidden prints that are developed to expose them" "Forensic ondontology - CORRECT ANSWER=> intersection of dentistry and criminal law, i.e. bite mark analysis and identification."
SERGEANT EXAM NFLST ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
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"Signature - CORRECT ANSWER=> The striations on a bullet after passing through the bore of the barrel of a rifle or pistol" "Touch DNA - CORRECT ANSWER=> small amounts of DNA evidence left from suspect skin shavings after touching something." "Handwriting samples - CORRECT ANSWER=> 15 to 20 samples should be collected from suspects" "Objective of interrogation: (importance goes up as the difficulty goes up) - CORRECT ANSWER=> Obtain valuable facts, Eliminate the innocent, Identify the guilty, Obtain a confession" "Proximity - CORRECT ANSWER=> distance between you and subject during interview (optimal proximity 27 in. for middle class white males)" "Expectancy - CORRECT ANSWER=> Bias when witness is not completely positive of an answer. They'll give an answer they would expect, or assume." "Coerced - internalized confession - CORRECT ANSWER=> False confession where innocent suspect made to believe they committed the crime where people develop a distrust of their own memory." "Voluntary confession - CORRECT ANSWER=> Give false confession without provocation" "Coerced compliant confession - CORRECT ANSWER=> Confess after lengthy interrogation process and think the short term outweighs long term (being released on bail and getting high vs. having to go to prison later)" "Free and voluntary rule - CORRECT ANSWER=> can't beat a suspect into a confession, or threaten violence" "McNabb v. United States - CORRECT ANSWER=> Must not be "unnecessary delay" in the production of the suspect before a magistrate. Confession was gained during this delay, and the subsequent confession was inadmissible despite it being given freely and voluntarily. From this case came the "delay in arraignment" rule."
"Close proximity of stab wounds - CORRECT ANSWER=> normally indicates incapacitation at the time of the attack (intox, held down, asleep)" "Lacerations - CORRECT ANSWER=> caused by blunt objects and create abnormally shaped cuts." "Battered child syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER=> Physical abuse to children. Most common weapons are belts and electric chords." "Burn injuries - CORRECT ANSWER=> make up 10% of child abuse. Infants commonly burned by water for not responding to toilet training." "Scald burns - CORRECT ANSWER=> most common deliberate type of burn, and are caused by heating a liquid and immersing the child in the liquid. Also called immersion burns." "Immersion burns - CORRECT ANSWER=> the depth of the burn is uniform and there are "water lines" and possible bruising on the child where they were held into the liquid" "Sparing - CORRECT ANSWER=> describing what a child does when their hand is forcibly inserted into a burning liquid. They will close their hand to "spare" the inside of the palm." "Spill/splash injuries - CORRECT ANSWER=> hot liquid falls onto child" "Contact burns - CORRECT ANSWER=> something hot held against the skin. Cigarette and electric steam iron burns are the most common." "Branding burns - CORRECT ANSWER=> Much deeper than an accidental collision with the hot object." "SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome) - CORRECT ANSWER=> Most common in infants 1 week to 1 year - leading cause of death in this age range" "Smothering children - CORRECT ANSWER=> the 2nd most likely methodology in child homicides" "Suspect is a stranger in a child death - CORRECT ANSWER=> 16% of child deaths attributed to strangers" "Blunt force trauma - CORRECT ANSWER=> Normally blamed as "fell out of bed" or off their bike or down the stairs if victim is a child"
"Coup-countercoup - CORRECT ANSWER=> term to describe the point of impact of the brain to the subdural wall of the skull after the initial blow of the blunt object. Brain continues to move inside the skull and impacts other side creating a subdural hematoma." "Shaking baby syndrome (SBS) - CORRECT ANSWER=> normally occurs after incessant crying, baby shook back and forth resulting in lazy affect in the eyes and blue lips. Child could have been struck or slammed into a hard object after the shaking. Average age of SBS victim is 6 months old." "School Threat assessment - CORRECT ANSWER=> rests on two principals: Threatener are unlikely to carry out their threat, and all threats and all threateners aren't equal." "Strong armed robbery - CORRECT ANSWER=> no weapon used, makes up 42% of robberies" "Street robberies - CORRECT ANSWER=> 5/10 robberies happen on the street - 93% of the time the victim is alone, on their way home from a leisure activity, within 5 miles of their home" "Direct evidence - CORRECT ANSWER=> statements from victims/witnesses" "Real evidence - CORRECT ANSWER=> the gun, the knife, etc." "Demonstrative - CORRECT ANSWER=> maps, diagrams, sketches, photographs, etc" "Circumstantial - CORRECT ANSWER=> infers from a series of known facts the existence of an unknown fact" "Corpus delicti - CORRECT ANSWER=> Prosecution must show that a crime occurred, CD is all the elements of the crime" "Judicial notice - CORRECT ANSWER=> when something is not disputed as a fact in a trial" "H U - TACK - CORRECT ANSWER=> human - tactical - affective - conceptual - knowledge" "Time a Supervisor Spends Solving Conflict - CORRECT ANSWER=> 73% of the time" "Traits of a Good Supervisor - CORRECT ANSWER=> commitment, independence, mutual trust, optimism, and equality"
"Trust - CORRECT ANSWER=> A byproduct of integrity and ethical conduct that will build a cooperative working environment" "3 Ways a leader can affect subordinates - CORRECT ANSWER=> Consultative, Directive, Participative" "Traditional Supervisory Style - CORRECT ANSWER=> Task oriented, Expect quantitative date from officers, Give specific, instructions and takes over calls, Punishment and control prevails" "Supportive Supervisory Style - CORRECT ANSWER=> Praise, counsel, not concerned as much about rules/regs/paperwork, Protector rather than supporter" "Innovative Supervisory Style - CORRECT ANSWER=> Encouraging, Progressive, Delegates decision making, Work with public" "Active Supervisory Style - CORRECT ANSWER=> Lead by example" "Social roles within a group - CORRECT ANSWER=> Enforcer, Scapegoat, Devil's advocate, Leader, Follower, Facilitator" "Horizontal clique - CORRECT ANSWER=> Normally made up of supervisors that become defensive over new policies that affect patrol function" "Random clique - CORRECT ANSWER=> No real reason for them to congregate other than friendship" "Vertical clique - CORRECT ANSWER=> Normally between first line supervisor and subordinates" "Law enforcement norms - CORRECT ANSWER=> Loyalty, Secrecy, Danger, Isolation, Performance" "B L O W Concept - CORRECT ANSWER=> Be part of the cause, Lend a hand, Obey the rules, Work in partnership" ""Groupthink" - CORRECT ANSWER=> Limited number of possible solutions presented to a problem by group that agrees the process is more important than the results and alternative solutions just get in the way and are ignored. Best way to defeat is to appoint a devil's advocate to determine flaws in the plan."
"Change - CORRECT ANSWER=> real organizational change is effectuated by first line supervisors" "Collective bargaining - CORRECT ANSWER=> a process by which the department and the union negotiate a formal written agreement about wages, hours, and working conditions" "Frequency of Evaluations - CORRECT ANSWER=> once a year is normal but twice a year optimal" "Evaluation process - CORRECT ANSWER=> Assessment, Evaluation interview, Remediation" "Methods of Evaluation/Appraisal - CORRECT ANSWER=> Graphic rating scale - what we use, Critical incident - supervisor uses criteria from critical incidents and then looks at the ones the officer has been involved in and rates their performance, Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales (graphic scale from critical incidents), Paired Comparison (compare employee to the one considered the best)" "Leniency - CORRECT ANSWER=> some supervisors avoid negative reviews to mask their own pitfalls, or to balance out what they think are unjust accusations made by other supervisors" "Central Tendency - CORRECT ANSWER=> when supervisors lack employee data, safest thing to do is put them in the middle or "average" category - penalizes competent, awards less than satisfactory" "Halo effect - CORRECT ANSWER=> allows one criterion to affect the overall rating of the employee" "Bias - CORRECT ANSWER=> supervisors award employees they like, or are compatible with" "Contrast - CORRECT ANSWER=> emotion based evaluation based on what the supervisor likes, not what the employee is doing" "Recency - CORRECT ANSWER=> too focused on recent behavior of employee" "Remediation - CORRECT ANSWER=> Could be retraining, disciplinary action, or separation/termination"
"EAP= employee assistance programs - CORRECT ANSWER=> Can substitute punitive sanctions with intervention and educational ones" "Ascendant employee - CORRECT ANSWER=> High achievers, hard workers, receptive to feedback" "Indifferent - CORRECT ANSWER=> Not motivated by work, don't take on new responsibilities" "Ambivalent - CORRECT ANSWER=> Learn important information, are bored by the daily, distrust management, aren't interested in promotion" "Erudites - CORRECT ANSWER=> know-it-alls" "Tyrants - CORRECT ANSWER=> no respect, love control, intimidate, threaten" "Defeatists - CORRECT ANSWER=> hate change, complain, disruptive," "Manipulators - CORRECT ANSWER=> do unethical things to gain advantage" "Indecisives - CORRECT ANSWER=> impervious to praise or punishment, procrastinate, stay neutral" "Fitness for duty evaluation - CORRECT ANSWER=> Must be consented by evaluatee. Tests emotional and psychological stability. Criterion for evaluation is unstable, and possible hazard to him/herself or others, or organization." "Civil rights act of 1964 - CORRECT ANSWER=> Prohibits discrimination based on national origin, race, creed, sex, age, ethnicity." "TERRY V. OHIO (1968) - CORRECT ANSWER=> Officer may stop/ detain if articulable reasonable suspicion exists based on officer observations. Officer may frisk/ pat down if they make the determination that the officer is in danger. Prevents unlawful stop and frisk without the presence of reasonable suspicion." "MAPP V. OHIO (1961) - CORRECT ANSWER=> Exclusionary rule - Similar to fruit of poisonous tree, anything criminal found from an unlawful search and seizure cannot be used as evidence."
"TENESSEE V. GARNER (1985) - CORRECT ANSWER=> UNCONSTITUTIONAL to use DEADLY FORCE against someone where probable cause doesn't exist the suspect poses a threat of death or SBI to officer or others." "GRAHAM V. CONNOR (1989) - CORRECT ANSWER=> Use of force and "objective reasonableness" standard - officer's actions are to be looked at from the perspective of a reasonable officer at the scene. G v. C looks at police situations as "rapidly evolving" and that officers need to make "split-second" decisions. Also did the officers act in "good faith" rather than sadistically or maliciously." "ARIZONA V. GANT - CORRECT ANSWER=> Can search the passenger compartment of a vehicle if arrestee is within arms reach of passenger compartment. Also can search vehicle if reasonable suspicion exists there are fruits of the crime within." "Sir Robert Peel - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1829 father of modern policing" "Political Era (1840-1930) - CORRECT ANSWER=> police operated under control of political figures" "Reform Era (1930-1980) - CORRECT ANSWER=> vehicle response to calls for service" "Community Era (1980-present) - CORRECT ANSWER=> proactive, community involvement" "Four dimensions of Community Policing - CORRECT ANSWER=> Philosophical, Strategic, Tactical, Organizational" "Selective enforcement - CORRECT ANSWER=> Close to discretion where police decide to enforce specific crimes more often than others." "POP / Problem Oriented Policing - CORRECT ANSWER=> Group incidents as problems - not defined by one crime or incident. Focus on substantive problems as the heart of policing. Systematic inquiry. Proactive stance. Evaluates newly implemented responses." "SARA model for problem solving process - CORRECT ANSWER=> Scanning, Analyze, Response, Assessment" "Steps to overcome bias - CORRECT ANSWER=> Zero tolerance policy, Work with the community and schools."
"Aggressive crowd - CORRECT ANSWER=> leadership structure, highly emotional, could escalate" "Written action plan prior to riot - CORRECT ANSWER=> How many participants, Time to start/end, Previous rallies, Medical on standby?, Where will the march take place, Who is the leader, Will there be a counter protest?, Command center location" "How to Implement COP into a Community - CORRECT ANSWER=> Specialized community involved problem solving units, Neighborhood watch, Foot/horse/bike patrols, Permanent patrol assingments (officers being in same beat for extended period), Citizen volunteers, Citizen academies" "Crime triangle - CORRECT ANSWER=> Desire/ Ability/ Opportunity = crime" "CPTED Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design - CORRECT ANSWER=> 4 Main Parts: Natural Access control - walkways directing people to desired entrances, Natural surveillance - keeps intruders observable, adequate lighting, Territorial reinforcement - fences, landscaping, gateways, etc, Target hardening - locks, window locks, security" "Amber Alert Issuance Criterion - CORRECT ANSWER=> An abduction took place, Child under 18, Safety of child is threatened, Police have information that may help locate the child, the suspect, or the suspect's vehicle" "Percentage of LE Job Dedicated to service - CORRECT ANSWER=> 60 - 90% of an LE's job is service related" "Ratio of adults with MH - CORRECT ANSWER=> ¼ adults have mental disorder" "Zero tolerance tactic - CORRECT ANSWER=> A tactic used in high crime areas to make stops and investigate possible major crimes unrelated to the crime used to stop" "Blood patterns - CORRECT ANSWER=> Spot size, Quantity, Shape, Distribution, Location, Angle of impact, Target surface" "Fibers - CORRECT ANSWER=> Found on suspect/victim generally means contact within the last 24 hours" "AFIS - CORRECT ANSWER=> computer database with fingerprints in system for comparison"
"GSR - CORRECT ANSWER=> rimfire cartridges don't leave GSR as there is no primer, and no gases escape. GSR on a victim indicates a close range shot." "Digital evidence - CORRECT ANSWER=> Evidence normally in the format of a digital file. Should not collect if collection will affect the integrity of the evidence." "Search - CORRECT ANSWER=> gov't intrusion into a place where a person has a reasonable expectation of privacy" "Katz v. US - CORRECT ANSWER=> Katz using a phone booth to make private calls, Feds tapped the phone, expectation of privacy in phone booth, evidence of phone calls not admissible." "Frank's hearing - CORRECT ANSWER=> A hearing that looks at the issue of police misconduct in production of the affi used to support the finding of a PC." "Search warrant - CORRECT ANSWER=> Different than arrest warrant, has a time limit, and needs to be effected "without unnecessary delay."" "Exclusionary rule - CORRECT ANSWER=> court excludes the evidence found after an illegal search." "Exceptions to Exclusionary Rule - CORRECT ANSWER=> Good faith, Purged taint, Independent source, Inevitable discovery, impeachment of the defendant" "Qualified immunity - CORRECT ANSWER=> reasonable official in that position wouldn't have understood their actions to violate a person's rights, and thus haven't violated 42 USC 1983." "Primary purpose of K9 - CORRECT ANSWER=> LOCATING TOOL" "Secondary purpose of K9 - CORRECT ANSWER=> USE OF FORCE (Graham V. Connor governing case law)" "K9 deployment (three prong test) - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1. Severity of crime, 2. Suspect poses immediate threat to safety of LE or others, 3. Suspect is actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade by flight" "K9 Target Acquisition - CORRECT ANSWER=> Handler must have confirmed the target acquisition without obstructions (avoid accidental bite)"
"Arrest warrant - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1. Name of the state
- Who will execute the warrant (normally any peace officer of that state)
- Person who will be arrested
- Offense Committed
- Date, time, place of occurrence
- Name of victim
- Description of Offense" "Mapp v. Ohio - CORRECT ANSWER=> Established the exclusionary rule was applicable to the states (evidence seized illegally cannot be used in court)" "Search Warrant Exceptions - CORRECT ANSWER=> Consent, warrant, exigency, vehicle inventory, incident to arrest, motor vehicle, plain view" "Chimel v. California (1969) - CORRECT ANSWER=> search is valid of a person and area under him immediate control form which he could produce a weapon or destroy evidence" "Carroll v. U.S. (1925) - CORRECT ANSWER=> movable vehicle rule" "Arizona v. Gant (2009) - CORRECT ANSWER=> can search a vehicle when reasonable to believe will find evidence of the offense. Only in passenger compartment." "inductive reasoning - CORRECT ANSWER=> factual and logical explanation of the crime" "deductive reasoning - CORRECT ANSWER=> hypothesis" "neighborhood canvas - CORRECT ANSWER=> helpful in about 20% of investigations" "vehicle canvas - CORRECT ANSWER=> get description, location, plate of vehicles in the area with description of anything suspicious ie blood, bullet holes, possible evidence." "Primary v. secondary scenes - CORRECT ANSWER=> primary is where first criminal act occurred, secondary scenes are where all subsequent scenes occurred."
