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Internal command External commands
Internal commands are available for use as soon as we get command prompt.
External commands are not available for use as soon as we get command prompt.
Do not require corresponding .com or .exe files
Require corresponding .com or .exe files
Internal commands are : cd, md, rd, copy con, del , ren etc.
External commands are: tree, fdisk, format, xcopy etc.
Difference between Internal and External Command
Batch Files The batch file command can be used to make choices, perform repetitive tasks, call subroutines, and operate in various ways. The purpose of batch file is to save time and effort. Batch file has extension bat. Primary name of batch file must not match with internal and external command. First preference is given to execute .exe file, second preference is given to execute .com file and at last .bat file.
Below is a sample batch file used to create a directory ‘nagendra’ and to display date and time.
C:>Copy con dewangan.bat (enter) Date (enter) Time (enter) Md nagendra (enter) (control+z followed by enter)
To run this batch file c:> dewangan (enter)
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explanation: first date command will execute and will show system date, and if we wish we can set new date. next time command will execute and will show system time, and if we wish we can set new time. Next md nagendra will execute and will create directory nagendra.
Basic commands in DOS( NOTE: DOS IS NOT CASE SENSITIVE)
Internal Commands (i) CD : this command displays you the current directory where you are. Usages:
C:\NAGENDRA> CD (enter) NAGENDRA
(ii) DIR: this command is useful to display files, directories in various formats. Disk information report. C:\NAGENDRA> DIR /W explanation: gives output in multiple columns C:\NAGENDRA> DIR /AD Explanation: gives listing of directory only. C:\NAGENDRA> DIR /AH/P Explanation: gives listing of hidden as well as non-hidden files page wise C:\NAGENDRA> DIR /O:N Explanation: gives listing of files and directories in ascending order C:\NAGENDRA> DIR /O:-N explanation: gives listing of files and directories in descending order C:\NAGENDRA> DIR /S explanation: gives listing of files and directories as well as subdirectories.
(iii) TYPE : this command is useful to display content of a file. Usages:
C:\NAGENDRA> TYPE dewangan (enter) Displays content of file dewangan
Explanation: this command will display content of file dewangan page wise You can create new text file C:\NAGENDRA> TYPE dewangan | more (enter)
(iv) COPY CON: can be used to create a file C:\NAGENDRA> COPY CON DIKSHA (enter) Include text Press enter to change line When no more text to type press enter Press control+z or F6 followed by enter key
(v) VOL: this command gives user volume serial no. label of disk C:\NAGENDRA> VOL (enter)
(vi) CLS: this command clears the screen C:\NAGENDRA> CLS (enter)
(vii) DATE : this command gives date set in system as well as allows to change date Suppose you want to change date to 4 feb 2009 format is in mm/dd/yyyy C:\NAGENDRA> DATE 2/4/2009 (enter) Suppose you want to display date then command would be C:\NAGENDRA> DATE (enter)
(viii) REN: when you want to rename a file. Suppose there is a file DIKSHA and you want to assign it name DHARMENDRA C:\NAGENDRA> REN DIKSHA DHARMENDRA (enter)
(ix) TIME : this command gives time set in system as well as allows to change time
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5 Recruitment Trends for 2017 ACCOUNTING BCA NOTES BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS BUDGETARY CONTROL C LANGUAGE PART 3 C++ Easy Notes For All University? Comapny Law.? CONCEPTS OF CHANGE( ORGANISATIONAL CHANGE) Contents and Layout of Research Report? Cost of capital/cost of debt? Database Management System? Defenation Brand Management? Defination Of Indutrial Relation? defination of inventory Define "Mediation" and "Conciliation"? Define Lay off Define PATENT? Define Communication Or its process? Define Company Its Properties? Define Industrial Relation? Define Power And Politics? Definition of Decision Making. Definition of Learning Definition of MIS Definition of Project DEPRECIATION Diffrence between Arbitration Direct Tax/Indirect Tax EASY NOTES ON C LANGUAGE PART 2 Employees’ Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act Employees’ State Insurance Act Evolution of Industrial Relations? Executive compensation Feasibility Analysis Financial Management Fiscal policy?
LABELS
External Commands:
(i) MOVE: use this command to moves a file from one directory to other and to renames a file or directory suppose there is a file SUNITA and it is required to rename it as MEENA C:\NAGENDRA> MOVE SUNITA MEENA(enter)
suppose there is a file ANITA and it is required to move it under directory priyanka. Directory priyanka already exists in current directory. C:\NAGENDRA> MOVE ANITA PRIYANKA (enter)
(ii) CHKDSK: it is used to check the status of a disk and displays a status report. This command can also fix common disk errors. C:> CHKDKS (enter)
(iii) MEM: display amount of RAM available in system, how much have been used and how much is free in extended and conventional memory C:> MEM (enter)
(iv) EDIT: edit is a text editor provided with the MS-DOS to reate and edit text files. This sis a full-screen editor that allows you to create, edit, save and print text files. When using the MS-DOS editor you can choose commands from menus and specify information and references in dialog boxes. To use this editor type C:> edit file (enter) If the file doesn’t exist edit creates it. If the file exists, edit opens it and displays it content on the screen.
(v) FORMAT: format command s used to prepare a disk for use with DOS. This is an external command. C:> FORMAT a: (enter) During format DOS creates sector and tracks, this division helps the DOS to organize the information stored on the disk and root directory is created along with FAT. C:> FORMAT a:/q (enter) Quicks formats a disk and FAT is rebuild
C:> FORMAT a:/s (enter) formats a disk and makes the disk DOS bootable and transfers the system files.
(vi) MORE: more command displays the output of command page wise
C;> TYPE dewangan | more
C:\ DIR | MORE
Displays directory information page wise.
(vii) SORT : to display output of previous command in ascending or descending order
C:> DIR | SORT | MORE
Displays content of directory in ascending order page wise
C:> DIR | SORT /R | MORE
Displays content of directory in descending order page wise
(vii) TREE : to display output of directory structure in tree like form.
C:> TREE | more Displays structure of directories in tree like shape with page wise
C:> TREE /F | more Displays structure of directories in tree like shape with page wise including files also.
(viii) APPEND: allows files in other directory to be opened as if it were in current directory C:\NAGENDRA> APPEND D:\RANU Now directory d:\ranu is appended to c:\nagendra directory therefore file of d:\ranu can be searched and accessed from c:\nagendra.
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(ix) XCOPY: selectively copies file. It can create directory, subdirectory as needed and copy files within them.
It can be used as simple copy command. For example to copy a file TEENA that already exists with file name MEENA command would be C:\NAGENDRA> XCOPY TEENA MEENA (ENTER)
To copy a file TEENA that already exists with file name MEENA inside root directory c:> command would be C:\NAGENDRA> XCOPY TEENA C:\MEENA (ENTER)
To copy all files of directory SUNITA that already exists, with directory name REENA inside root directory c:> command would be C:\NAGENDRA> XCOPY SUNITA*.* C:\REENA /S (ENTER)
(x) SYS: transfers system files (IOS.SY, MSDOS.SYS and COMMAND.COM) in a drive so that disk can be DOS bootable C:\NAGENDRA> SYS A: (enter) It Makes a floppy disk bootable without formatting.
(x) LABEL: using this command new label (volume name) can be given to a disk drive C:\NAGENDRA> LABEL (enter) Now you would be needed to enter less than or equal to 11 characters lengthy name To erase disk label simply press enter to come to DOS prompt.
(xi) ATTRIB: using this command a file or directory can be made read-only, system, or hidden etc. Suppose it is required to make a file dewangan read only, system and hidden then command would be C:\NAGENDRA> ATTRIB +R +H +S dewangan (enter)
Suppose it is required to make a file dewangan non read only, non system and non hidden then command would be C:\NAGENDRA> ATTRIB -R -H -S dewangan (enter)
(xii) PRINT: print command prints a text file while you are using some other MS-DOS commands. This command can print in background to an output device connected to one of your system’s serial or parallel port.
C:> PRINT sample.txt (enter) It will ask “name of list device [prn]” press enter at this prompt
It will flash message: Resident part of print installed C:\sample.txt is currently being printed.
Now you get DOS prompt and you can run any other command. The PRINT command keeps printing in the background.
C:> PRINT emp.sal /p (enter) Adds file emp.sal to the print queue.
C:> PRINT emp.sal/c (enter) Command removes file emp.sal from the print queue.
C:> PRINT /T (enter) Command will stop the print command and remove all the files from the print queue.
(xii) DISKCOPY: diskcopy command copies entire content of one floppy disk to another floppy disk sector by sector, older data of disk is erased and both source and destination disk must be of same storage capacity. C:> DISKCOPY A: A: (enter) We have to carefully read the prompt given by MS-DOS because we can make many copies of many disk by giving single time DISKCOPY command.
(xiii) DISKCOMP: diskcomp command compares entire content of one floppy disk to another floppy disk sector by sector and both source and destination disk must be of same storage capacity. C:> DISKCOMP A: A: (enter)
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(xvi) FDISK: This command configures a hard disk for use with MS-DOS. When started, this command displays a series of menus to help you partition your hard disk. It erases all the data of the disk. C:>FDISK (enter) It provides menu options of which are as follows:
- create dos partition or logical dos drive: to create partition on a new hard disk drive select this option. When you select this option by entering 1 at choice you will receive three options:
a. create primary DOS partition: If you are partitioning a new drive then choose this option. You have to specify size of the partition
b. create extended DOS partition: after creating primary dos partition you should select this option to create additional partition if space is left on hard disk.
c. create logical DOS drives in extended DOS PARTION.
- set active partition
- delete partition or logical dos drive
- display partition information
Compare PC, PC-XT, and PC-AT, Pentium computers. Pc-5150 model Pc-xt-5160 model Pc-at-5170 model Pentium
Intel 8088 microprocessor with 4.77 MHz, 8 bit bus width
Intel 8088 microprocessor with 4.77 MHz, 8 bit bus width
Intel 80286 microprocessor with 6 or 8 MHz, 16 bit bus width
Intel 80586 microprocessor with 60 to 266 MHz, 32 bit bus width
Rom based diagnostic test
Rom based diagnostic test
Rom based diagnostic test
Rom based diagnostic test
Basic language interpreter embedded in ROM
Basic language interpreter embedded in ROM
Basic language interpreter embedded in ROM
256 kb ram 256 or 640 kb ram 16 MB ram 16 to 256 MB RAM
One or two Floppy drive with 360 kb and no hard-disk
One Floppy drive with 360 kb and 10 or 20 MB hard- disk
One Floppy drive with 1.2 MB and 20 or 30 MB hard-disk
Two Floppy drive 1.2 MB and or 1. MB, 10 GB hard- disk
Write short notes on disks. Hard disk is a magnetic disk on which you can store computer data. The term hard is used to distinguish it from a soft, or floppy disk. Hard disk has more than thousand times of data storage capacity when compared to floppy. A floppy can store 1.44MB whereas modern hard disk can store 300 GB of data. A single hard disk consists of platters. Floppy disk contains only one platter made of plastic. Platter is a round magnetic plate that constitutes part of a hard disk. Each platter requires two read/write heads, one for each side. All the read/write heads are attached to a single access arm so that cannot move independently. Each platter has the same number of tracks, and a track location that cuts across all platters is called a cylinder. For example a typical 84MB hard disk has two platters and 1053 cylinders. Hard disks are less portable although it is possible to buy removable hard disk. Structure of hard disk/Floppy:
- Cylinder: a single-track location on all the platters making up a hard disk. For example if a hard disk has four platters, each with 600 tracks then there will be 8 tracks for each cylinder (assuming that each platter has tracks in both sides).
- Track: a ring on the disk where data can be written. A typical floppy disk has 80 (double density) or 160 (double sided high density) tracks.
- Sector: is track is divided into a no. of sectors. The density of tracks is measured in terms of tracks per inch (TPI).
Commonly Used Terms
- Interleave: when data is arranged in non-contiguous way to increase performance it is known as interleaving.
- Seek time: time a program or a device takes to locate particular piece of data is known as seek time.
- Access time: it is time required to position the read/write head to particular sector on the disk.
- Latency time: in accessing data on a disk, latency is defined as the time it takes to position the proper sector under the read/write head.
- Disk mirroring: a technique in which data is written to two duplicate disks simultaneously. This way if one disk fails the system can switch to other disk without any loss of data or service.
- Disk striping: a technique in which data is broken into smaller units and are written to multiple available disks.
- Smart (self monitoring, analysis and report technology): a standard for disk drives and software which continuously monitor disk drive’s health and report potential problems.
- MTBF: mean time between failures. It is measured in hours and reports sturdiness of hard disk drives.
- RAID (redundant array of inexpensive/independent disks): a category of disk drives that employ two or more drives in combination for fault tolerance and performance.
Structure of Dos Disk Each floppy disk or hard disk contains sector, tracks and more than one platter in case of hard disk. When we intend to use it with DOS we have to format it. The file system used by DOS is FAT. The master boot record MBR is the information in the first sector of any hard disk or diskette that identifies how and where an operating system is located so that it can be booted into the computer’s main memory. The MBR is also sometimes called the partition sector or the master partition table because it includes a table that locates each partition that the hard disk has been formatted into. In addition to this table, the MBR also includes a program that reads the boot sector record of the partition containing the operating system to be booted into RAM in turn, that record contains a program that loads the rest of the operating system into RAM. Boot Sector: the boot sector contains details about the disk’s characteristics, plus a boot strap loader. FAT: the principal file allocation table. Additional FAT(s): system use one or more duplicate FATs which are updated at the same time as the main FAT. This can be used in the event of corruption of the main FAT. Root Directory: the root directory is distinct from sub-directories in that it is in a fixed position and of fixed size. This is not generally a problem since the root should be used mainly for sub-directory entry. The boot sector further requires elaboration. It consists of the following components: i. machine code jump to boot strap loader ii. maker’s name and version
iii. Allocation details; e.g. sectors/cluster, no. of FATs.
iv. Bootstrap loader
List out different of version of MS-DOS and features Version Year Features
1.0 1981 Based on IBM PC floppy disk storage single level file storage
2.0 1983 Based on IBM PC/XT with 10 mb hard disk hierarchical storage of files
3.0 1984 Based on IBM pc/at with 20 mb hard disk supported RAM disk.
3.1 1984 Some support for networks such as file sharing, locking
3.1 1986 3.5” floppy disk drive and support for IBM token ring network
Support for new IBM PS/2 computers 144 mb floppy disk multiple 32 mb hard disk support and support for LIM expanded memory system.
Normally a program is developed by a single developer or limited no. of developers
Normally a group of developers and big software company are involved in development in package.
Not much stress is given on software engineering principles
Much stress is given on software engineering principles and practices.
Windows MS-DOS
1 It is multiprogramming, timesharing and preemptive OS
It is single programming, non timesharing non preemptive OS
2 It has graphical user interface. It is menu and popup menu based OS Just select and choose the option from the menu, there is no need to remember name of commands and syntax
It is not GUI It is not menu and popup menu based OS It is required to remember name of commands and their syntax
3 It provides access to internet It doesn’t provide facilities to access internet
4 It better provides security It doesn’t provide security
5 It is has better networking support It has poor networking support
6 New program when installed in windows it configures itself automatically.
New program installation requires manual configuration in Autoexec.bat and config.sys
7 It provides consistent, attractive and easy to use interface
It doesn’t provide consistent, attractive and easy to use interface.
Compare windows and Linux/Unix Windows Linux/Unix
1 It is multiprogramming, timesharing and preemptive OS. It is single user OS
It is multiprogramming, time sharing and preemptive OS. It is multi-user OS.
2 It has graphical user interface. It is menu and popup menu based OS Just select and choose the option from the menu, there is no need to remember name of commands and syntax
Unix is not GUI but Linux is GUI based. Unix is not menu and popup menu based OS. Linux is not fully menu and popup based OS but it is gradually switching to more and more GUI based Unix/Linux requires to remember name of commands and their syntax
3 It provides security Unix/Linux provide better security than windows
4 It is has better networking support It has far superior networking support
5 Wide range of application software is available.
Very few application programs are available
6 It provides consistent, attractive and easy to use interface and even a beginner can use it
Unix doesn’t provide consistent, attractive and easy to use interface and a beginner can not use it. Linux provide consistent, attractive and easy to use interface and a beginner can use it.
7 It uses FAT32, NTFS file system It uses ext2, ext2 file systems.
8 It does not treat hardware devices as files
It considers hardware devices as files
DOS Linux/Unix
1 It is single programming, non timesharing and non preemptive OS. It is single user OS
It is multiprogramming, time sharing and preemptive OS. It is multi-user OS.
2 It is non GUI based and requires remember name of commands and syntax
Unix is not GUI but Linux is GUI based. Unix is not menu and popup menu based OS. Linux is not fully menu and popup based OS but it is gradually switching to more and more GUI based Unix/Linux requires to remember name of commands and their syntax
3 It very poor in security
Unix/Linux provides better security than windows and DOS offer.
4 It is poor networking support
It has far superior networking support even than windows
5 It provides easy to use interface and even a beginner can use it. Commands are not case sensitive.
Unix doesn’t provide consistent, attractive and easy to use interface and a beginner can not use it. Linux provide consistent, attractive and easy to use interface and a beginner can use it. Commands are case sensitive.
6 It uses FAT file system. It is disk operating system
It uses ext2, ext2 file systems. It is file system operating system.
7 It does not treat hardware devices as files
It considers hardware devices as files
8 It doesn’t provide remote procedure call It provides remote procedure call
9 It doesn’t provide email, internet access facility
It provides email, internet access facility
Role of Control Panel Control Panel is full of specialized tools that are used to change the way Windows looks and behaves. Some of these tools help you adjust settings that make your computer more fun to use. For example, use Mouse to replace standard mouse pointers with animated icons that move on your screen, or use Sounds and Audio Devices to replace standard system sounds with sounds you choose. Other tools help you set up Windows so that your computer is easier to use. For example, if you are left-handed, you can use Mouse to switch the mouse buttons so that the button on the right performs the primary functions of selecting and dragging. To open Control Panel, click Start and then click Control Panel. If your computer is set up in Classic view using the more familiar Start menu, click Start, point to Settings, and then click Control Panel. Various Tasks that can be done are as follows:
- Accessibility Options: it helps handicapped and physically disable person to use computer
- Add Hardware: new hardware such as sound card, display card etc. can be configured
- Add remove program: you can add new program or remove existing program
- Administrative tools: you can add user, groups and can perform system administrative tasks.
- Date and time: system date and time can be seen and set.
- Display: you can set appearance, theme, back ground, screen saver etc.
- Fonts: you can add new fonts to system
- Internet Options: you can set internet security, privacy and other configuration
- Keyboard: you can set keyboard repeat rate and typing rate.
- Mouse: you can change configuration of mouse and swap mouse buttons
- Printer and Faxes: we can add/remove printer and faxes
2 1988 Used overlapping windows. Intel 286 and 386 version were produced.
Protected mode of Intel 386 used up to 16 MB of RAM, use of proportional font and highly successful
3.1 1991 Introduce OLE. Support for True Type Fonts.
3.11 1992 Minor Update to 3.
WFW
Windows for workgroups; a version with integrated network capability
OS/ 2
Intended as multi-tasking replacement for MS-DOS. Ran on Intel 286 processors.
OS/2 2.0 1992 Supported MS-DOS and windows 3.1 application programs.
OS/
Better performance and support for windows 3.1 application. 32 bit graphics engine.
N
T
First version, labeled 3.1 for continuity with the basic windows series. First MS-DOS independent operating system from Microsoft designed from scratch. Extensive 32-bit working.
NT
Also known as Daytona. Various improvements to performance 32-bit working and networking.
O
S/
W
ar p
Special version of OS/2 which is installed on top of existing windows 3. installations. Designed to run satisfactorily in 4 MB of RAM and provides pre-emptive scheduling, threads and memory protection.
Also known as Chicago. Upgrade from, and compatible with 3.1 but with support for 32 bit applications and MS-DOS free. Usable on smaller machine than NT. Support for OLE2. new design of user interface with more object-oriented features
NT
Introduction of new-look windows 95 style user interface. Incorporates support for internet and DCOM.
X
P
Among the new features available in Windows XP, there are new security tools that you can use to help keep your computer more secure, and new technologies that run in the background, making your computer run more efficiently and reliably. Windows XP has improved upon security, including the new Security Center, which allows you to check the status of the important security elements on your computer—Windows Firewall, Automatic Updates, and virus protection software—making it easier for you to understand how to keep your computer better protected against viruses and other security threats. Performance is at an all-time high. You can now use more programs at the same time and they will run faster than ever. Windows XP is dependable and stable, so you can always rely on the performance and effectiveness of your computer. Improvements have also been made on many features that make using your computer more effective and useful. For example, you can use Remote Desktop to access your work computer and its resources from home, and to view files and documents on your computer's desktop from a co-worker's computer. With NetMeeting you can have virtual meetings with anyone, anywhere, and you can participate in discussions using audio, video, or chat. Getting help has never been easier. With Remote Assistance, you just send an invitation (either in e-mail or Instant Messenger) to your favorite computer expert or support professional, and they can help you fix a problem from their location. Windows XP provides extensive online Help for all operating system features, as well as a digital tour to help you discover the possibilities awaiting you.
Basic commands in Unix
(i) pwd: this command displays you the current directory where you are. pwd stands for print working directory Usages:
$pwd(enter) /user/nagendra
(ii) ls: this command is useful to display files, directories in various formats. $ ls –x explanation: gives output in multiple columns $ ls –Fx Explanation: gives output in multiple columns displaying / in last of directory name and * in last of executable file. $ ls –a Explanation: gives listing of hidden as well as non-hidden files. $ ls –lr Explanation: gives listing of files and directories in reverse order $ ls –lR explanation: gives long listing of files and directories and subdirectories recursively.
(iii) cat : this command is useful to display content of a file. Usages:
$cat nagendra
Explanation: this command will display content of file nagendra You can create new text file
$cat > dewangan (enter) Type the text you want to include At the last to end the typing of text press (control+d)
To check whether the file has been created use $cat dewangan (enter) Explanation: this command will display content of file dewangan created earlier.
(iv) pg: this command takes output of other command and displays content page by page. You can use ‘more’ or ‘less’ instead of ‘pg’. Suppose we use ls command to display list of files and directories and the list scrolls off then we can use following command to display list of files and directories page wise $ ls | pg (enter)
Suppose we use cat command to display content of file and file content is long and scrolls off then we can use following command to display content of file page wise where nagendra is name of existing file.
$ cat nagendra | pg
(v) who: this command gives user name, terminal types used to login, date and time of login.
$ who –Hu (enter) Explanation: gives user name, terminal types used to login, date and time of login of other users.
$ whoami (enter) Explanation: gives user name of the user who issued this command
$ who am i(enter) Explanation: gives user name, terminal types used to login, date and time of login of current user of system who issued this command
$ tail nagendra Explanation: displays content of last 10 line which are default.
(x) head: this command display some lines from top of file. $ head -3 nagendra Explanation: displays content of first 3 lines $ tail nagendra Explanation: displays content of first 10 line which are default.
(xi) cp: copies one file to other file suppose there is a file nagendra it is required to copy it with name dewangan $ cp nagendra dewangan (enter)
getting overwriting prompt before overwriting a file $ cp –i nagendra dewangan (enter)
(xii)rm: to delete file
$ rm nagendra (enter) deletes a file with name nagendra
getting confirmation before deleting a file $rm –i dewangan(enter)
(xiii) mv: use this command to moves a file from one directory to other and to renames a file or directory suppose there is a file nagendra and it is required to rename it as dewangan $ mv nagendra dewangan(enter)
suppose there is a file nagendra and it is required to move it under directory priyanka. Directory priyanka already exists in current directory. $ mv nagendra priyanka (enter)
(xiv) cd: changes directory.
$ cd changes directory to home directory
$ cd directoryname changes directory to directory name
$ cd .. changes directory to parent directory of current directory
$ cd / changes directory to root directory
(xv) mkdir: makes directory $ mkdir directoryname creates directory directoryname
(xvi) rmdir: removes a directory which is empty and is in current directory
$ rmdir directoryname removes directory directoryname which is empty
(xvii)chmod: this is an important default security feature provided by unix. User (u) or owner, group (g), other (o) are three categories of users. There are three permission possible on file and directory such as read, write and execute.
To set permission read, write and execute for other we can use
$chmod o+rwx nagendra (enter) Category Operation Permission
User u assign permission + Read permission r
Group g Remove permission - Write permission w
Other o Assign absolute permission = Execute permission x
All a
File types: There are various types of file a. Regular file: this type of file content source code, text file.
b. Directory file: this type of file represents directory.
c. Device file: this file represents hard disk, floppy disk, printer etc.
d. Character special file
e. Block special file.
New Feature of Windows Vista
Searching and organizing In every folder in Windows, the Search box appears in the upper right corner. When you type in the Search box, Windows filters the view based on what you’re typing. Windows looks for words in the file name, tags that you’ve applied to the file, or other file properties. To find a file in a folder, type any part of a file name in the Search box to find what you're looking for. You can also use Search folders when you don’t know where a file is located or when you want to do an advanced search using more than just a single file name or property.
Sharing You can also share files and folders with people on your network, even if they use a computer that's not running Windows. When you share files and folders, other people can open and view the files and folders just as if they were stored on their own computer. And they can make changes, if you allow that.
New and improved Help Windows Help and Support has been completely updated for this version. It's the place to get quick answers to common questions, suggestions for troubleshooting, and instructions for how to do things. And, when you're connected to the Internet, you can be sure that you're always getting the newest and latest versions of all Help topics.
Security Features such as Windows Firewall and Windows Defender can help keep your computer more secure. Windows Security Center has links for checking your computer's firewall, antivirus software, and update status. User Account Control (UAC) can help prevent unauthorized changes to your computer by requiring permission before performing actions that could potentially affect your computer's operation or that change settings that affect other users.
Internet Explorer Web feeds, tabbed browsing, and always-available search are just a few of the new features available in Internet Explorer. Web feeds provide frequently updated content published by a website that you can subscribe to for automatic delivery to your web browser. With a feed, you can get content such as breaking news or updates to a blog without having to go to the website. Tabbed browsing allows you to open multiple websites in a single browser window. You can open web pages or links on new tabs, and then switch among them by clicking the tabs.
Pictures The Pictures folder and Windows Photo Gallery make it easy to view, organize, edit, share, and print digital pictures. When you plug your digital camera into your computer you can automatically transfer your photos to the Pictures folder.
If you want more features in Windows Vista, you can upgrade to another edition. You can either buy an upgrade disc at a retail store or use Windows Anytime Upgrade to buy the upgrade online, and then use your Windows Anytime Upgrade disc or the Windows installation disc to complete the process. You can upgrade from Windows Vista Home Basic to either Windows Vista Home Premium or Windows Vista Ultimate. If you have Windows Vista Business, you can upgrade to Windows Vista Ultimate. If you're not sure which edition of Windows is installed on your computer, here's how to check: Click to open Welcome Center. The edition of Windows that you are running is displayed with your computer details near the top of the window.
Click to open Windows Anytime Upgrade. Follow the instructions on each page. When the upgrade is complete, you will have a new edition of Windows Vista running on your computer.
The Address bar appears at the top of every folder and displays your current location as a series of links separated by arrows. Using the Address bar, you can see your current location on the computer or on a network. You can change your location by either typing or clicking a new location within the Address bar.
To go directly to a location that's already visible in the Address bar, click the location in the Address bar.
- or – To go to the subfolder of a location that's visible in the Address bar, click the arrow to the right of the location in the Address bar, and then click the new location in the list.
Windows Security Center can help enhance your computer's security by checking the status of several security essentials on your computer, including firewall settings, automatic updates, anti-malware software settings, Internet security settings, and User Account Control settings. If Windows detects a problem with any of these security essentials (for example, if your antivirus program is out of date), Security Center displays a notification and places a Security Center icon in the notification area. Click the notification or double-click the Security Center icon to open Security Center and get information about how to fix the problem.
A firewall can help prevent hackers or malicious software (such as worms) from gaining access to your computer through a network or the Internet. A firewall can also help stop your computer from sending malicious software to other computers.Windows checks if your computer is protected by a software firewall. If the firewall is off, Security Center will display a notification and put a Security Center icon in the notification area.
- Click to open Security Center.
- Click Firewall, and then click Turn on now. If you are prompted for an administrator password or confirmation, type the password or provide confirmation.
Windows can routinely check for updates for your computer and install them automatically. You can use Security Center to make sure Automatic updating is turned on.
- Click to open Security Center.
- Click Automatic updating, and then click Turn on now. If you are prompted for an administrator password or confirmation, type the password or provide confirmation.
Malicious software (malware) protection can help protect your computer against viruses, spyware, and other security threats. Security Center checks if your computer is using up-to-date antispyware and antivirus software. If your antivirus or antispyware software is turned off or out of date, Security Center will display a notification and put a Security Center icon in the notification area.
To upgrade to another edition of Windows Vista
Navigation
To click a new location
Using Windows Security Center
FIREWALL
To turn on Windows Firewall
AUTOMATIC UPDATING
To turn on automatic updating
MALICIOUS SOFTWARE PROTECTION
To install or update your anti-malware software
- Click to open Security Center.
- Click Malware protection, click the button under Virus protection or Spyware and other malware protection, and then choose the option that you want.
Windows checks your Internet security settings and User Account Control settings to make sure they are set at the recommended levels. If your Internet or User Account Control settings are changed to a security level that is not recommended, Security Center will display a notification and put a Security Center icon in the notification area.
- Click to open Security Center.
- Click Other security settings.
- Under Internet security settings, click Restore settings.
- Do one of the following:
- Click to open Security Center.
- Click Other security settings.
- Under User Account Control, click Turn on now. If you are prompted for an administrator password or confirmation, type the password or provide confirmation.
Internet Explorer 7. Internet Explorer makes browsing the web easier, safer, and more enjoyable. New security and privacy features allow you to browse the web more safely. Phishing Filter can help protect you from phishing attacks, online fraud, and spoofed websites. Protected mode can help protect your computer from websites that try to install malicious software or to save files on your computer without your consent Higher security levels can help protect you from hackers and web attacks. The Security Status bar displays the identity of secure websites to help you make informed decisions when using online banking or merchants. Internet Explorer's lets you start Internet Explorer without toolbars, ActiveX controls, or other add-ons that might slow your computer or prevent you from getting online. Tabbed browsing is a new feature in Internet Explorer that allows you to open multiple websites in a single browser window. If you have a lot of tabs open, use Quick Tabs to easily switch between open tabs. The new Instant Search box lets you search the web from the Address bar. You can also search using different search providers to get better results.. Internet Explorer now lets you delete your temporary files, cookies, webpage history, saved passwords, and form information from one place. Delete selected categories, or everything at once. The Zoom feature lets you enlarge or reduce text, images, and some controls.
When using safe mode to troubleshoot problems with your computer, you might find the following tools and features helpful. System Restore:Restore the state of your computer's system to a previous point in time.. Control Panel.:Access various tools for changing settings in Windows. Device Manager.: Update device drivers and configure hardware installed on your computer. You must be logged on as an administrator to use this program. If you are not logged on as an administrator, you can only change settings that apply to your user account. Event Viewer. View detailed entries about system and program events on your computer. System Information.:View details about your computer's hardware configuration, components, and drivers. Registry Editor. Advanced users, make changes to Windows registry files. You must be logged on as an administrator to use this program. Back up your files To make sure you don't lose the files that you create, modify, and store on your computer, you should back them up regularly. You can manually back up your files any time or set up automatic backups.
OTHER SECURITY SETTINGS
To restore Internet settings to recommended levels
To restore User Account Control settings to recommended levels
Diagnostic Tools
