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STATE OF CALIFORNIA—BUSINESS, TRANSPORTATION AND HOUSING AGENCY November 2011
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
DIVISION OF ENGINEERING SERVICES Transportation Laboratory 5900 Folsom Boulevard Sacramento, California 95819-
METHOD OF TEST FOR SIEVE ANALYSIS OF
FINE AND COARSE AGGREGATES
A. SCOPE
This method, which includes modifications of AASHTO Designations T 11, T 27, T 30, and T 37, specifies the procedures for determining the particle-size distribution of fine and coarse aggregates.
Special procedures for testing aggregate from extracted bituminous mixtures, supplemental fine aggregate, glass spheres, and granular quicklime are included in Appendices A, B, C, and D, respectively. A procedure for expediting testing and providing an approximate particle-size distribution for processed fine aggregate is included in Appendix E.
B. REFERENCES
California Test 201- Soil and Aggregate Sample Preparation AASHTO M 92 - Standard Specification for Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Purposes AASHTO T 11 - Test for Materials Finer Than 75-μm (No. 200) Sieve in Mineral Aggregates by Washing AASHTO T 27 - Test for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates AASHTO T 30 - Test for Mechanical Analysis of Extracted Aggregate AASHTO T 37 - Test for Sieve Analysis of Mineral Filler for Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA)
C. APPARATUS
- Balance: A balance or scale reading to 1 g for samples weighing less than approximately 1,000 g. For samples weighing more than 1,000 g the balance or scale should read to 0.2 % of the test sample’s mass.
- Sieves: Woven-wire cloth sieves of 3 in., 2 ½ in., 2 in., 1 ½ in., 1 in., ¾ in., ½ in., 3/8 in., ¼ in., No. 4, No. 8, No. 16, No. 30, No. 50, No. 100, and No. 200 designations with square openings conforming to AASHTO Designation M 92.
a. Each sieve shall be inspected visually for bent or distorted wires after each use. Replace any damaged or nonconforming sieves.
- Sieve shaker: Any mechanical sieve-shaking device that accomplishes the same thoroughness of sieving as the hand-sieving procedure described in F.1.a of this method.
a. It is essential that the sieve shaker be designed so that its motion includes a bumping or bouncing action sufficient to keep the aggregate particles in motion on the surface of the sieves.
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b. Refer to Section F.1.b of this method for procedures to verify shaker efficiency.
- Agitator (Figure 1): A mechanical device designed to hold the wash vessel in an upright position while subjecting it to a lateral reciprocating motion at a rate of 285 ± 10 complete cycles per minute. The reciprocating motion shall be produced by means of an eccentric located in the base of the carrier, and the length of the stroke shall be 1.75 in. 0.025 in. The clearance between the cam and follower of the eccentric shall be between 0.001 in. and 0.004 in. Other types of agitators may be used provided the length of time and other factors are adjusted to produce the same results as those obtained using the agitator described above.
- A combination sieve shaker-agitator is allowable when it meets the above requirements for shaking (3.a & b) while in the shaking mode and agitation (4) while in the agitation mode. A Tyler portable sieve shaker meets the above requirements when modified according to TL drawing No. D536.
- Mechanical Washing Vessel: A flat-bottom, straight-sided, cylindrical vessel conforming to the specifications and dimensions shown in Figure 2.
- An oven or other suitable thermo-statically controlled heating device capable of maintaining a temperature of 230˚F ± 9˚F.
D. MATERIALS
Distilled, deionized, or good-quality tap water shall be used for washing the fine-aggregate test sample.
E. SIZE OF SAMPLE
- The sample to be tested shall be of sufficient size to ensure representation of the material. The exact amount of material required will vary according to the nominal size of the aggregate and the particle-size distribution.
- Recommended sample mass for each aggregate size of processed aggregates (such as sized aggregates for PCC and AC) or composite aggregates (such as AB and CTB) that are comprised of approximately 40 % or more of aggregate retained on the No. 4 sieve, are listed in Table 1.
TABLE 1
Maximum Nominal Aggregate Size
Recommended Mass of Portion Retained on No. 4 Sieve Over 2 ½ in. 30,000 g 2 ½ in. 25,000 g 2 in. 20,000 g 1 ½ in. 15,000 g 1 in. 10,000 g 3/4 in. 5,000 g ½ in. 2,500 g 3/8 in. 1,000 g
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(9) If more than 0.5 % by mass of the total sample passes through any sieve during the hand sieving, the mechanical shaker is not performing effectively, and it shall not be used.
(10) The required shaking time for the shaker shall be at least 125 % of the minimum time required to accomplish the thoroughness of sieving described above. In no case shall the shaking time for any shaker be less than 5 min.
c. When sieving, limit the amount of material retained on the No. 4 and coarser sieves to a single layer of aggregate. If necessary, sieve the test sample in portions; then combine all respective portions retained on the sieves before weighing.
d. In no case, when sieving fine aggregate (material passing the No. 4 sieve), shall the material retained on any sieve at the completion of the sieving operation exceed that mass specified in Table 2. To reduce the amount of material retained on a sieve, either use a sieve with openings slightly larger than the overloaded sieve, or split the entire sample into smaller portions prior to sieving, and then combine respective fractions prior to weighing.
TABLE 2
MAXIMUM MASS IN GRAMS OF MATERIAL ALLOWED ON SIEVE AT COMPLETION OF SIEVING OPERATION*
Sieve Size
Wt. Per sq. in.
Total Mass for 8 in. Diameter Sieve No. 8 4.0 200 16 3.0 150 30 2.5 125 50 2.0 100 100 1.5 75 200 1.0 50
*For intermediate sieve sizes not listed in this table, the mass specified for the next smaller sieve size shall apply.
G. DETERMINATION OF COARSE-AGGREGATE PARTICLE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION
- Prepare all materials as prescribed in California Test 201. Be sure to clean all coatings from the coarse aggregate and break clods sufficiently to pass the No. 4 sieve.
- If the coarse-aggregate particles contained in a sample are clean or are coated lightly with fines, which can be removed easily by sieving, it will not be necessary to subject the coarse portion to a cleaning process prior to performing the coarse-sieve separation.
- Separate the sample on the following sieves: 3 in., 2½ in., 2 in., 1½ in., 1 in., ¾ in., 3/8 in., and No. 4. Other sieves may be added as required to determine compliance with specifications or to reduce the amount of material retained on certain sieves. It is permissible to include the No. 8 sieve with the coarse-sieve separation when it is not necessary to determine the distribution of material finer than the No. 8 sieve.
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- Place each coarse-size fraction in a separate container.
a. When a sample has been divided into two or more portions to facilitate sieving, recombine all portions of the same size.
b. Combine all portions of the material passing the No. 4 sieve obtained from the sample preparation and sieving phases.
- Determine the total mass of material retained on each coarse sieve and the total amount of fine material passing the No. 4 sieve. The total mass retained on a given sieve is the sum of the material retained on the sieve plus the material retained on all larger sieves.
a. Accumulate the mass of material retained on each successive sieve beginning with the coarsest size.
b. When it is not necessary to keep the aggregate’s size fractions separated, the sized portions may be combined in succession, and the accumulated mass may be determined directly.
H. DETERMINATION OF THE FINE-AGGREGATE PARTICLE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION
- Sieve the entire test sample according to Section F.
- Split or quarter a fine-aggregate test sample weighing 500 g ± 25 g from the material passing the No. 4 sieve.
a. If there is insufficient material passing the No. 4 sieve to obtain the required 500 g ± 25 g, use all of the material passing the No. 4 sieve for the fine- aggregate test sample.
b. If less than 10 % of the submitted sample is retained on the No. 30 sieve, it is permissible to reduce the fine-aggregate test sample’s mass to approximately 125 g. Obtain this smaller test sample by carefully splitting the prepared 500 g portion into four quarters. Do not make any adjustments for mass during this splitting operation.
- Oven dry the fine-aggregate test sample to constant mass at a temperature of 230 ˚F ± 9˚F, and then cool it to room temperature. Weigh and record the mass of oven-dried material as the test sample’s mass.
a. Oven-drying the test sample prior to washing may be eliminated provided the moisture content is determined by drying a duplicate sample and the mass is corrected to establish the dry mass of the test sample.
b. When testing reclaimed aggregates containing traces of asphalt or asphalt concrete, the oven-drying temperature shall not exceed 100˚F.
- Place the fine-aggregate test sample in the mechanical washing vessel, add 1000 mL ± 5 mL of water, and clamp the lid in place. Secure the vessel in the mechanical agitator. After 10 min ± 30 s have elapsed from the introduction of the wash water, agitate the vessel and contents for 2 min ± 5 s.
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b. Compute the percentage of material passing each sieve as follows:
P = 100 – R
Where:
P = Percentage of test sample passing the sieve.
R = Percentage of test sample retained on the sieve.
- If a composite or sized sample has been separated into two or more aggregate-size fractions for testing, compute the grading of the entire sample by the following method:
a. Compute the percentage, by mass, represented by each aggregate-size fraction based on the total sample mass as received.
Example:
Fraction
Aggregate Size (^) Percent of Total Pass Retained Sample
Mass in Grams A 1 in. No. 4 6,600 66 % B No. 4 -- 3,400 34 % Total Sample -- -- 10,000 100 %
b. Then, take each aggregate size in turn and multiply the percent passing each sieve (as determined by the sieve analysis on the test sample) by the percentage of that aggregate size found to be present in the “as-received” sample.
Example:
Sieve Size
1 Grading of Aggregate Size Fraction “A”
2 Percent of Total Sample
3 Products of Items 1 and 2 1 in. 100 66 % 66 ¾ in. 94 66 % 62 3/8 in. 24 66 % 16 No. 4 3 66 % 2 No. 8 3 66 % 2 No. 16 3 66 % 2 No. 30 2 66 % 1 No. 50 2 66 % 1 No. 100 1 66 % 1 No. 200 0 66 % 0
c. Add the products thus obtained on corresponding sieve sizes as shown in the following example. These sums, as shown in the last column of the example, constitute the “as received” grading of the original sample.
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Example:
Sieve Size
Grading of Aggregate Size Fractions
A 66 %
B 34 %
"As Received" Grading of Original A 1 in. x No. 4 % Passing
B No. 4 x 0 % Passing
Sample A + B Percent Passing 1 in. 100 100 66 + 34 = 100 ¾ in. 94 100 62 +^34 =^96 3/8 in. 24 100 16 + 34 = 50 No. 4 3 100 2 + 34 = 36 No. 8 3 70 2 + 24 = 26 No. 16 3 56 2 + 19 =^21 No. 30 2 41 1 + 14 =^15 No. 50 2 27 1 + 9 =^10 No. 100 1 17 1 + 6 = 7 No.200 0 8 0 + 3 = 3
J. PRECAUTIONS
- Proper care of the sieves is necessary for accurate sieving. Use the following procedure in removing particles stuck in the mesh of the fine sieves:
a. No. 4 and No. 8 sieves: Clean by brushing with a brass wire brush. A rounded piece of wood, such as a brush handle, can be used if one hand is placed on the opposite side when pushing against the sieve in order to avoid stretching the sieve out of shape.
b. No. 16, No. 30 and No. 50 sieves: Clean by brushing with a brass wire brush.
c. No. 100 sieves: Clean by brushing with a stiff, short bristle brush such as a stencil brush.
d. No. 200 sieves: Clean only by brushing with a small paintbrush. These sieves are damaged easily.
e. Do not use a sharp object to push out particles, which are stuck in the mesh of the sieves because this will result in enlarging the openings.
- Examine sieves each day for broken wires, and solder any breaks. Discard any sieve that develops a break in the main body of the screen. Soldering decreases effective sieving area; therefore, sieves with large breaks or several small breaks should be discarded.
- Check all sieves from No. 4 through No. 200 biannually with a standard sample of known grading made up from hard, clean aggregate that does not degrade from the sieve-shaking procedure. This is especially useful for checking No. 100 and No. 200 sieves, as small breaks and distortions are missed easily in these fine-mesh sieves.
- Never sieve hot samples, as hot aggregate will distort the fine meshes of the No. 100 and No. 200 sieves.
- Take care to avoid loss of material during transfer of sample from wash pot to sieves and also during rinsing.
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Figure 1 Standard Mechanical Agitator
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Figure 2 Mechanical Washing Vessel
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- Oven dry the washed test sample to a constant mass at a temperature of 230 ˚F ± 9˚F and cool it to room temperature. Spreading the material as thin as possible in large, shallow drying pans will decrease the drying time.
- Perform the sieving and determine the mass retained on each sieve as prescribed in the basic test method.
E. CALCULATIONS
Determine the grading of the test sample as prescribed in the basic test method.
F. PRECAUTIONS
Observe the precautions listed in the basic test method.
G. REPORTING OF RESULTS
Report as prescribed in the basic test method.
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APPENDIX B
SIEVE ANALYSIS OF SUPPLEMENTAL
FINE AGGREGATE FOR ASPHALT
CONCRETE
A. SCOPE
This appendix specifies modifications, which must be made to the basic California Test 202 when determining the particle-size distribution of supplemental fine aggregate.
B. APPARATUS
Use the apparatus described in the basic test method.
C. MATERIALS
Use distilled, deionized, or good-quality tap water for washing the test sample.
D. PROCEDURE
- From the submitted sample, split or quarter the material to a mass of 500 ± 25 g. Without further adjustments, split or quarter the portion, in two operations, to obtain a test sample of approximately 125 g.
- Oven dry the test sample to constant mass at a temperature of 230˚F ± 9˚F and cool it to room temperature. Weigh the oven-dried material and record as the test sample’s mass.
- Place the test sample on the No. 200 sieve, and direct water from a flexible hose attached to a faucet onto the sample until the water passing through the sieve comes out clear.
- After rinsing, wash the material from the sieve into a drying pan; then place the drying pan in a slanting position until the free water that drains to the lower edge is clear. Pour this water off taking care not to lose any material from the test sample.
- Oven dry the washed test sample to constant mass at a temperature of 230˚F ± 9˚F, and cool it to room temperature.
- Perform the sieving using the No. 30 and No. 200 sieves. Determine the mass retained on each sieve as prescribed in the basic test method.
E. CALCULATIONS
Determine the sieve analysis as prescribed in the basic test method.
F. PRECAUTIONS
Observe the precautions listed in the basic test method.
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APPENDIX C
SIEVE ANALYSIS OF GLASS SPHERES
A. SCOPE
This appendix specifies the modifications, which must be made to the basic California Test 202 when determining the particle-size distribution of glass spheres (beads), for reflectorizing paint markings on pavements.
B. APPARATUS
Use the apparatus described in the basic test method, except that the balance shall read to 0.1 g.
C. MATERIALS
No special materials are required for this test.
D. SIZE OF SAMPLE
- Initial samples supplied by the prospective vendor shall weigh approximately 5 lb.
- When testing to determine acceptance of shipment, one test sample shall be obtained from each container submitted for testing.
E. PROCEDURE
- From the submitted sample, split or quarter the material to a mass of 400 g ± 20 g. Without further adjustments, split or quarter the portion, in three operations, to obtain a test sample of approximately 50 g.
- Oven dry the test sample at a temperature of 230˚F ± 9˚F to a constant mass, and cool it to room temperature. Weigh and record the oven-dried material as the test mass.
a. Do not wash glass spheres.
- Perform the sieving as prescribed in the basic test method.
F. CALCULATIONS
Determine the grading of the test sample as prescribed in the basic test method.
G. PRECAUTIONS
Observe the precautions listed in the basic test method.
H. REPORTING OF RESULTS
Report as prescribed in the basic test method.
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APPENDIX D
SIEVE ANALYSIS OF GRANULAR QUICKLIME
A. SCOPE
This appendix specifies modifications that must be made to the basic California Test 202 when determining the particle-size distribution of granular quicklime.
B. APPARATUS
- Use the apparatus described in the basic test method.
- An immediate supply of tap water for emergency washing of eyes or skin.
C. MATERIALS
No special materials are required for this test.
D. SIZE OF SAMPLE
The total mass of quicklime submitted for testing shall be not less than 5 lb.
E. PROCEDURE
- From the submitted sample, split or quarter the material to a mass of 2000 g ± 100 g. Without further adjustments, split or quarter the portion, in three operations, to obtain a test sample of approximately 250 g.
- Weigh and record the mass of the test sample.
a. Test the granular quicklime in its “as-received” condition. Do not wash or oven dry.
- Perform the sieving and determine the mass retained on each sieve as prescribed in the basic test method and the following instructions:
a. Use the sieves necessary to determine compliance with the specifications and additional intermediate sieves as needed to prevent overloading.
b. Sieving shall be accomplished by the mechanical sieving method. The sieving time shall be 10 min ± 30 s.
c. Take care that the quicklime particles are not crushed or abraded by excessive handling.
F. CALCULATIONS
Determine the grading of the test sample as prescribed in the basic test method.
G. PRECAUTIONS
Observe the precautions listed in the basic test method and these special precautions:
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APPENDIX E
APPROXIMATE SIEVE ANALYSIS OF PROCESSED FINE AGGREGATE
A. SCOPE
This appendix provides a procedure for expediting testing and determining an approximate particle-size distribution for processed fine aggregates. Washing the test sample is not required; however, the test results must be correlated with tests done according to the basic California Test 202.
B. APPARATUS
Use the apparatus described in the basic test method.
C. MATERIALS
Use the materials described in the basic test method.
D. PROCEDURE
- Sieve the entire test sample according to Section F in the basic California Test 202.
- From the material passing the No. 4 sieve, split or quarter the fine-aggregate to a mass of 500 g ± 25 g.
- Aggregate sampled from a hot bin need not be dried further. Dry aggregate obtained from any other location in a forced draft oven at 230˚F ± 9˚F for 15 min or in a microwave oven for 5 min.
- Weigh and record the mass of the test sample.
- Separate the sample on the Nos. 8, 16, 30, 50, 100, and 200 sieves. Other sieves may be added as required to determine compliance with specifications or to reduce the amount of material retained on certain sieves.
- Determine and record the cumulative mass of material retained on each sieve.
a. Weigh the material retained on the coarsest sieve and record this mass on the appropriate work sheet. Do not remove the material from the balance.
b. Add the material retained on the next finer sieve and record this mass on the appropriate work sheet. Do not remove the material from the balance.
c. Continue accumulating mass until the material in the pan is weighed.
- Save the entire test sample.
- Calculate the percentage of material passing each sieve by following the procedures in Section H of the basic test and using the mass recorded in step 3 above as the total sample mass.
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- Retest selected samples for sieve analysis according to the procedure in the basic California Test 202.
a. A sufficient number of samples shall be retested to establish the correlation between the washed and unwashed test samples.
b. Additional retests should be performed whenever there is an indication that the previous correlation is no longer valid.
c. Any material subject to rejection because of excessive material retained on any sieve, by the approximate method, shall be retested one time.
E. CALCULATIONS
- Establish a correction factor for each sieve size by dividing the percent passing the sieve after washing by the percent passing the sieve before the sample was washed.
Example:
Sieve Size
Washed Grading % Pass
Unwashed Grading % Pass
% By Wash % Without Wash
=Correction Factor No. 4 (^100 100 100) /100 = 1. 8 71 67 71 / 67 = 1. 16 56 50 56 / 50 = 1. 30 25 18 25 / 18 = 1. 50 10 6 10 / 6 = 1. 100 5 3 5 / 3 = 1. 200 3 2 3 / 2 = 1.
- Determine the approximate washed sieve analyses of subsequent unwashed samples by multiplying the percent passing, as determined by the unwashed sample, by the correction factor for each respective sieve.
F. PRECAUTIONS
- Observe the precautions listed in the basic test method.
- If the source of material changes, new correction factors shall be established.
G. REPORTING OF RESULTS
Report the total percentages passing each sieve to the nearest whole number. Identify the reported results as being "approximate".
