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GHIST REVIEWER
PRELIMS- UNITS 1 AND 2 (MODULE 1)
BSMSL-
Analysis of Primary Sources
History- study of past events. -Greek: “historie” – means inquiry -Kasaysayan (Ambeth Ocampo) -salaysay (narrative/story) + Saysay (meaning); Salaysay and saysay are inseparable. Without both, one cannot have true history -Kasaysayan is not just a narrative or salaysay---it MUST have a saysay or meaning. The language of History
- Time: periods, dynasty, era (Specific points in time: BC and AD; century)
- Information: historical facts vs opinions (people’s points of view) -Evidence: oral evidence, written evidence, pictorial evidence; artifacts (sources of information) Relevance: studying history goes beyond simple and is not confined within the said discipline, albeit, its importance is viewed in the light of providing significant information as to how present-day challenges in various areas of human experience may be addressed. 1.) study of history in the context of medicine aids in providing information about trends in diseases, illnesses, and their treatments; what went wrong and what worked. 2.) History has also aided engineering and architecture with information on the progress of building structures given a specific natural and social context. Renato Constantino- wrote his book with the objective of writing a history that comes from the point of view of the Filipinos, especially the grassroots. John Schumacher- his essay on the other hand, examines that contention of Renato Constantino. Schumacher agreed on the point of writing a people’s history but for him, he believes that other lenses or frameworks be used in studying history. Historical sources- may be written and unwritten. Written sources include literary
works, diplomatic or legal documents, and social documents. Unwritten sources pertain to artifacts and oral testimonies. Now that you have an idea about these, let us test your understanding. Historical Sources are classified as: Primary- are first hand or direct evidence to an event. These sources were made specifically during the time period being examined. Examples: Documents, physical objects, oral/ video accounts, artwork, letters, coins, diaries, artifacts, diaries, memoirs, interview of eyewitnesses, speeches made by participants themselves, documentaries (audio-visual documentation of people and places, journals, maps, architectural perspectives, paintings, advertisements and photographs Locating Primary Sources:
- National Library, National Archives
- Academic institutions (UP Diliman, Ateneo de Manila, UST,
- Siliman University, University of San Carlos)
- Private Museum and Archives (Ayala Museum in Makati, Lopez museum in Pasig)
- Religious congregations (Augustinians, Dominicans, Jesuits, recoletos)
- Outside Philippines (Spain and US) Secondary- Secondary sources on the other hand are already interpretations of the primary source. Examples:books, magazines, internet, news reports, journal articles, textbooks, and the like. Evaluating evidences ( Three Cs)
- Credibility (trustworthy witness)- Who was the person/author and did the person have a reason to lie?
- Consistency- Logical coherence and accordance with the facts
- Corroboration - Does one piece of evidence agree with another? Does evidence from an artifact support what was written a long time ago? When 2 or more people have written about the same event, does the second account agree with the first? Historiography- refers to the systematic writing of history, especially based on the (a) critical examination of sources, (b) the selection of particular details from the authentic materials in those sources, and (c) the synthesis of those details into narrative form. Historical Method- is the analysis of the sources and the synthesis of the material. (Shafer, 1974)
Frame of reference: Ideas and values in the material in comparison with the present. Agreeable and objectionable portions of the text given the present time. Truth content: Significant facts offered by the material. Relation to secondary sources. Comparison with other sources from the same time period. Reliable in terms of consistency of the author’s account of the truth. Patterns of verifiable truth-telling that elicit trust from the reader. Simplified source analysis of historical sources
- Source analysis basically requires understanding WHY a historical source was made in order to help learn about the past. Source analysis requires doing research about the historical source involved in order to answer the why question.
- Think of it this way. “Why” questions are answered with “Because,” meaning we are doing source analysis in order to identify the cause of the historical source under study. Source analysis requires covering the following points. Source analysis boils down to answering these questions. (Parts of a Primary Source Evaluation) Information
- What information is stated in the source about the historical topic you are studying? Origin
- Who is/are the person/s who created the source? Perspective
- From what perspective (point of view) was the source created? Context
- When was the source created? What was happening that time? Audience
- Who were the intended audience (users) of the source? Motive
- For what purpose was the source made? Philippine Historiography and approaches in the study of Philippine history
- The development of Philippine historiography may be divided into 4 periods. The following discussion provides examples of historians and their works in each of these periods.
I. Spanish Period A. Augustinians Fray Juan de Grijalva – he wrote the book “Cronica de la Order de N.P.S Agustin en las provincias dela Nueva España '' about the Augustinian missions in the Philippines. Fray Casimiro Diaz – he wrote about the Filipino uprisings in the 17th and 18th centuries Fray Joaquin Martinez de Zuñiga – he wrote “Historia delas Islas Filipinas,” a summary of the accounts of the early chronicles. B. Dominicans Fr. Diego de Advante – he wrote “Historia de la Provincial del Santo Rosario,” about their missionary activities. Fr. Baltazar de Santa Cruz – he wrote about the Binalatongan Revolt of 1860 in Pangasinan. Fr. Vicente Salazar, Fr. Diego Colantes - they wrote about the Dominican mission in Batanes. Fr. Juan Ferrando – he wrote about the history of the Dominican Order in the Philippines. C. Franciscans Fray Juan de la Plasencia – he wrote “Los Costumbres de los Tagalogs” published in 1589 about the customary laws of the pre-Spanish Philippines; the book is considered as the first civil code of the Philippines. Fray Francisco de Santa Ines – he wrote about the ancient Filipino cultures and the missionary labor of the Franciscan Order in the Philippines, China and Japan. D. Jesuits Fr. Pedro Chirino – he wrote the book “Relacion de las Islas Filipinas” published in Rome in 1604, about the life of the Filipinos prior to colonization. Fr. Francisco Collin – he wrote on the Jesuit missions Father Pedro Murillo y Velarde - he wrote about a general history of the Philippines, mission and conquest of Mindanao and the inclusion of a map of the archipelago. Fr. Juan Delgado – he wrote a broad description of the Philippines by including political ecclesiastical, economic, social and cultural accounts. E. Recoletos
- Fray Juan dela Concepcion – he wrote valuable information that can be used to understand the cultures of the Spanish Philippines. F. Secular Historians
“Dasalan at Tocsohan” by Del Pilar, Fray Botod by Jaena, and “Ninay” by Pedro Paterno. Rizal’s Annotations of Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas is considered the first work on Philipinology. Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Pio Valenzuela, Apolinario Mabini, Artemio Ricarte and others – revolutionary writers who continued nationalist writings. Examples are Bonifacio’s “Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog” and “Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa” and the anti-clerical and anti-colonial writings of Mabini and Ricarte. III. American Period Rafael Palma, Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, Epifanio de los Santos, Teodoro M. Kalaw and Isabelo delos Reyes and others – nationalist writers active in the socio-political arena during the American colonization and contributed to the development of Philippine historical writing. Pardo de Tavera – his Filipiniana collection entitled “Biblioteca Filipina” published in 1903 became one of the most reliable sources about the Philippines. Epifanio de los Santos - a critic and biographer who worked on the life of Filipino heroes like Bonifacio, Del Pilar and Aguinaldo; his monographs regarding the revolution and the life of several heroes became one of the bases of modern historians. Emma Helen Blair and James Alexander Robertson -American historians who compiled the 55 volume work entitled “The Philippine Islands: 1493-1898” providing primary sources on Philippine history. Colonial officials who contributed to historical writing: Fred Atkinson – he wrote “The Philippine Islands” in 1903 James Le Roy – he wrote “Philippine Past and Present” in 1914 George Malcolm – he wrote “The Commonwealth of the Philippines” in 1936; Joseph Hayden – he wrote “The Philippines: A Study in National Development” in 1936. Catherine Mayo – a non-colonial official in the country who highlighted the so-called backwardness of the Filipinos. IV. Contemporary Period Nicolas Zafra, Conrado Benitez, Domingo Eufronio Alip, Gregorio Zaide, Antonio Molina - following the positivist tradition, they relied heavily on the use of documents as their unit of analysis in writing history.
Fr. Horacio dela Costa, Fr. Jose Arcilla – they wrote their history books with a clerical point of view. Teodoro Agoncillo – he revolutionized Philippine history by writing the history of the Philippines using a Filipino standpoint and highlighted the 1896 Revolution; he considered 1872 as the beginning of the history of the Philippines as a nation and the pre-1872 era as the lost history. His “Revolt of the Masses'' and “The Story of Bonifacio and the Katipunan”stirred many controversies. Renato Constantino – he placed the masses at the center in his treatment of history while espousing the concept of people’s history. He defined history as the collective people’s struggle towards the full realization of freedom and liberty; the real mover of history are the masses. His book, “The Philippines: A Past Revisited” departed from the traditional treatment of history and used Marxism as a tool of analysis. He argued that the precolonial Philippines developed a structure he termed as communal democracy. Landa Jocano – he specialized in the subjects that concern the pre-colonial civilization of the country. He used different sources like colonial documents, ethnographic accounts and archaeological data in his reconstruction of the Philippine past. “The Philippine Prehistory” is considered an authoritative work in Philippine prehistory. William Henry Scott – he termed the history of the inarticulate; historians can see the participation of the people even in colonial documents by means of creative re-reading of the documents. He studied the different indigenous groups in the country. He wrote “Cracks in the Parchment Curtain'' about Philippine prehistory. Reynaldo Ileto – he wrote “Pasyon and Revolution” that showed how the people appropriated certain images in the pasyon, which was intended to make the people submissive, to become a subversive text that was used by the pobres y ignorantes to rebel against the pueblo authority. He argued that the masses did not put into writing their participation in history, so in order to write a history from below, historians should deconstruct symbolic images that were part of the day to day activity of the people. If historians will rely only on official sources, then what will be is the history of the elite. He emphasized that history should look into the collective mentality of the people. Milagros Guerrero - she emphasized that history should deal with the articulation of conscious experience. History should not be the work of a fictionist but a historian and argued that a historian should not rely on the sources that cannot be verified by other historians.
Birth (Date and Place): He was born in Italy in 1491. Death: Pigafetta died in 1531. Relevant information about the author that would link the author to the primary source: Pigafetta served as a chronicler in Magellan’s expedition in 1519. He personally transcribed the events during the exploration even after the death of the Captain in 1521. He was one of the lucky 18 people who were able to return to Spain with the last remaining ship, Victoria. Date of writing and/or Publication of the original document: The document was written sometime in 1525, then first during the 1550s. Author’s Purpose for writing the document: The document narrates Magellan’s expedition during 1519-1522 that aimed to locate the Westward route to the Spice Islands. What was happening in history around the time that the document was written? The document was written when Magellan tried to circumnavigate the world in hopes of finding the Spice Islands, it recounts accounts such as the battle of Mactan upto the escape of the Spanish survivors. Who was the intended audience of the document? The text was aimed at the European nobility. What is the main topic of the selected text analyzed? The text revolves around the premise of Magellan’s expedition to circumnavigate the earth and locate the Spice Islands. It contains the various accounts of the colonizers with the early civilization of the Philippines. Who were the groups or people mentioned? 1.) King of Spagnia/ King of Spain 2.) Cilapulapu/ Lapu-Lapu 3.) Chief Zula 4.) Christian King/ Humabon 5.) Captain general/ Chief Magellan 6.) The Prince 7.) Some of the Chief Men 8.) Donia Beatrice- wife of Magellan
9.) Balanguais 10.) Men of Spain 11.) Moro and Zubu natives 12.) Johan Seranno 13.) Duarte Barboza 14.) Henrich What were the places mentioned? Spain (Spagnia), Mactan (Matan)
Customs of the Tagalog
Source: Blair, Emma Helen, ed. D.1911. -This report was given in October 1589 to Santiago de Vera, the chief justice of the Royal Audiencia and 6th Spanish Governor General in an effort to know the life ways of the natives so as to better settle disputes relating to the personal affairs of the natives. -At that time, one of the objectives of the colonial authorities was the conversion of the natives to Christianity and figuring out how to best govern them hence the need for documentation of sorts about their life ways. -Fr. Plasencia died in 1590 at Liliw, Laguna. He is also credited for writing Doctrina Cristiana, the first book ever printed in the Philippines. Author: Juan de Plasencia -(born in the 16th century in Spain) -was a Franciscan Friar who was known to be a defender of the natives. -He was also credited for founding a number of towns in the provinces of Bulacan, Laguna, and Rizal. -In the document, he gave a report of the Tagalog society he encountered during his mission work in the 1580s. Customs of the Tagalogs These people have chiefs called DATOS/DATU who governed by them and were captains in their wars. -The chiefs ruled over 100 houses, sometimes less than 30.
- The chiefs help one another with their respective barangays. -They were not subject to one another except
-If these maharlikas have children among their slaves, it is through marriage, the children and their mothers became free. -If one of them had children by the slave-woman of another, she was compelled, when pregnant, to give her master half of the gold tael, because of her risk of death and for inablitiy to labor during the pregnancy. -In such a case half of the child was free, the half belonging to the father who supplied the child food. -If he did not do this, he showed that he did not recognize him and will be a slave MARRIAGE RULES for Master-slave. -If a free woman had children by a slave, they were all free, provided he were not her husband.
- If a Maharlika and a slave have children, children will be divided. (First, third and fifth will go to the father Second, fourth and sixth will go to the mother) -In this manner if the father was free, all those who belonged to him would become free. -If there should not be more than one child, the child is half-free and half-slave. It will now be a matter of gender .Transferring from a place to another
- These two slaves cannot be sold or transfer, however they could be transferred from the barangay by inheritance, provided they remained in the same village. -The maharlikas could not, after marriage, move without paying fine gold as arranged among them. -Failure to pay a fine might result in a war between the barangay. -If the controversy lay between the two chiefs, when they wished to avoid war, they convinced judges to act as arbiters. -In this ceremony they always had to drink, the plaintiff inviting others. Forms of punishments -They have a right to condemn death to those who insulted their daughter, and wife, likewise witches and others of the same class. -They condemn no one to slavery, unless he merited the death penalty. -As for witches, they kill them, and their children and accomplices become slaves of the chief. -All other offenses were punished by fines in gold. If not paid, will serve until the payment should be made. Debt rules -Half the cultivated lands and all their produce belongs to the master.
-The master provided food and clothing, thus enslaving the culprit and his children until such time as he might amass enough money to pay. -If the father pays his debt, the master then claims that he had fed and clothed his children and should be paid therefor. -If the culprit has relatives or friends who paid for him(culprit), he is obliged to render half his service as aliping namamahay until he has paid. -If the creditor has not served this wise, the culprit has to pay double. Inheritance -The legitimate children of a father and mother inherited equally, except in the case where the father and mother showed a slight partiality by such gifts as two or three gold taels or perhaps a jewel. -When a parent gives a dowry to any son in order to marry him to a chief ’s daughter, the dowry is greater than the sum given to the other sons. -If one had children by two or more legitimate wives, each child received the inheritance and dowry of his mother. -If a man had a child with one of his slaves, as wel as legitimate children, the former had no had no share of inheritance but bound to free the mother and give him a tael or slave if the father were a chief. -If he had children with a free unmarried woman and not considered a real wife, children are considered natural children. -Natural children do not inherit equally with the legitimate but only the third part. Example: If he has 2 children, the legitimate one has two parts, and the natural one has one part. -If there are no children by a legitimate wife and have children by an unmarried woman, the natural child will inherit all.
- If there were no children by an unmarried woman, the inheritance went only to the father or grandparents, brothers, or nearest relative of the deceased. Unfaithful wife -In the case of a child by a free married woman, the husband punishes the adulterer by a dowry. -The child by the unfaithful wife entered with the partition of inheritance. -If the husband does not punish the adulterer, the child will not be considered as his child and will not inherit anything. -So if the father punishes the adulterer, the child becomes a legitimate child. Adoption
-The proclamation event witnessed the waving of the Philippine national flag and the performance of the country’s national anthem (known today as Lupang Hinirang). -Contrary to popular belief, Bautista, not Aguinaldo, waved the Philippine flag before the crowd during the proclamation event. -Moreover, the Philippine flag was waved from a window, not on a balcony, of Aguinaldo’s house. Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista died on December 4, 1903. Reasons -People of the country were tired of bearing the ominous yoke of Spanish domination
- Arbitrary arrests and abuses of the Civil Guards -Unjust deportations of illustrious Filipinos Purpose -To regain the independence and sovereignty of which People -had been deprived by Spain through Governor Miguel Lopez de Legazpi Governor Miguel Lopez de Legazpi -Continued the course of his predecessor, Ferdinand Magellan. Historical Precedents -The legitimacy of such revolution cannot be put in doubt -The revolution was calmed but not completely stifled by the pacification proposed by Don Pedro A. Paterno with Don Emilio Aguinaldo, established in Biak-na-Bato and accepted by Governor-General Don Fernando Primo de Rivera under terms, both written and orally. -A general amnesty for all deported and convicted persons; that is because of the non-fulfillment of some of the terms, after the destruction of the Spanish Squadron by the North American Navy, and bombardment of the plaza of Cavite. New Revolution -Don Emilio Aguinaldo returned in order to initiate a new revolution -He had given the order to rise on the 31st of the last month -Several towns rose in revolt on the 28th -178 Spanish men, between Imus and Cavite-Viejo, under the command of a major of the Marine Infantry capitulated. -Cavite, Bataan, Pampanga, Batangas, Bulacan, Laguna, and Morong helped the revolutionary movement.
- In Cavite, detachments in Naic and Indang remained surrendered.
- In Bataan, all detachments were wiped out. -In Pampanga, the resistance of Spanish forces was localized. -Batangas, in the town of Lipa. -Bulacan, in the capital and in Calumpit. -The last two remaining provinces, only in their respective capitals, and the city of Manila will soon be besieged by our forces as well as the provinces of Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Pangasinan, La Union, Zambales, and some others in the Visayas where the revolution at the time of the pacification and others even before, so that the independence of our country and the revindication of our sovereignty is assured. The Flag White triangle- distinctive emblem of the famous society of the “Katipunan” Three stars- three principal island, Luzon, Mindanao and Vizayas Sun- gigantic steps made by the sons of the country along the path of Progress and Civilization Eight rays- eight provinces- Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Laguna and Batangas The colors of blue, red, and white- commemorating the flag of the United States, to express profound gratitude towards this great nation. *The declaration repudiated Dictatorship *The document recognized Don Emilio Aguinaldo as President of the Republic established in Biyak na Bato and accepted by Governor-General Don Fernando Primo de Rivera under terms, both written and oral. *Like other free and independent States, the declaration stated the right of the Philippines which includes; make War and Peace, enter into alliances, and enter commerce. *The military uprising at the fort of San Felipe in Cavite on the night of January 21, 1872 was said to be instigated by GoBurZa. *Although the fighting continued, the proclamation of Philippine independence took place on June 12, 1898, in Cavite. *he Philippine Declaration of Independence was first approved on August 1, 1898, when numerous towns were already organized under Aguinaldo’s dictatorial government. *The 1898 Treaty of Paris, was the result of the Spanish-American war.
