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SIS 315 Exam 2 With
Solution
What roles did George Washington play in terms of intelligence during the American Revolution? - ANSWER Washington created the first intelligence collection and covert action effort in our history and served as the main customer as commander in chief. Because Washington was commanding the weaker force, he put high value on espionage, counterintelligence and analysis.
Washington, Franklin and Lay directed a wide-ranging plan of clandestine operations that helped level the playing field and gave the Continentals a chance against the British, the world's reigning superpower at the time.
What roles did Ben Franklin play? - ANSWER Served on both the Secret committee and the Committee of Secret Correspondence and was a case officer when serving as an ambassador overseas, gathering intelligence from human sources.
What was the Culper Spy Ring? - ANSWER Successful spy team (Abraham Woodhull and Robert Townsend) that transmitted information in code, ciphers, and secret ink.
What was the Derna Campaign? - ANSWER Took place in the First Barbary War when a mercenary army, put together by William Eaton and Presley O'Bannon, went on a 50-day march across the desert to Derna in modern-day
Libya. With the help of a bombardment of U.S. Navy Ships, the Marines participated in a daring assault that successfully seized the city and its fortifications.
What role did Allan Pinkerton play in intelligence in the Civil War? - ANSWER When Major General George McClellan became commander of the Union's Army of the Potomac, Pinkerton moved to Washington to oversee gathering and analyzing intelligence for McClellan. Worked solely for McClellan, not the entire Union Army. Ran agents, including freed African Americans.
What were Black Dispatches? - ANSWER A HUMINT source used by the BMI wherein intelligence was gathered from African Americans (both freed and enslaved). Runaway slaves gave the North a continuous stream of intelligence as did slaves who volunteered to be a "stay-in-place agent." Tens of thousands of ex-slaves fought and died for the Union. Other African Americans risked their lives in secret, gathering intelligence or while entering enemy territory as scouts.
What role did Mary Elizabeth Bowser play? - ANSWER Mary Elizabeth Bowers was one of the boldest Northern Spies. She was a free African American who went undercover as a slave in the official Richmond White House, the office and residence of Confederate President Jefferson Davis. She had a photographic mind and was able to read (however, no one else knew that). Because most slaves were assumed illiterate, she was able to see secret documents being passed around, would memorize the documents and recite them word-for-word.
From what organization did INSCOM evolve? - ANSWER MIS survived the interwar years, expanded during WWII and evolved into the Army's Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM).
What was the Coordinator of Information (COI)? - ANSWER FDR, desperate for solid intel at the start of WWII created the Office of the Coordinator of Information (COI). This was in response to lackluster intelligence being provided by the State Department, Army, Navy and FBI. It was created to streamline collection, organization, and dissemination of the intelligence. They were given the authorization to collect and analyze all info and data which may bear upon National Security.
What was the Office of Strategic Services? - ANSWER The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was established from the Office of the COI by a presidential military order issued by FDR on June 13, 1942. Their job is to collect and analyze strategic information required by the Joint Chiefs of Staff and conduct special operations not assigned to other agencies.
What was the Central Intelligence Group? - ANSWER In 1946, Harry S. Truman created the Central Intelligence Group (CIG) and the Director of Central Intelligence to help keep him abreast of intelligence and coordinate IC efforts. This action paralleled what FDR had done in creating the COI. The CIG eventually took over the SSU overseas assets.
What three organizations did the original 1947 National Security Act create? What powers did the CIA receive under the 1947 National Security Act? What changes occurred with the 1949 amendments to National Security Act? - ANSWER The 1947 Act created the National Military Establishment and the National Security Council (NSC). The CIG also became the CIA and the position of the DCI was given formal powers and stature.
What powers did the CIA receive under the 1947 National Security Act? What changes occurred with the 1949 amendments to National Security Act? - ANSWER Advise NSC in matters concerning such intel activities of the Government departments and agencies as relate to national security. To make recommendations to the NSC for the coordination of such intel activities of the Government departments and agencies as relate to national security. Correlate and evaluate intel relating to the national security and provide appropriate dissemination of such intel w/in the government using appropriate existing agencies and facilities. Perform, for the benefit of existing intelligence agencies, such additional services of common concern as the NSC determines can be more efficiently done centrally. To perform such other functions and duties related to intelligence affecting the national security of the NSC may from time to time direct.
The amendment created the Department of Defense by merging the Departments of the Army, Air Force and Navy. It also adjusted power and focus of the NSC, CIA, and DCI. Instead of the emphasis on the CIA serving the NSC, the amended law emphasized the DCI serving the President with the
What was the significance of the North Korean invasion of South Korea? - ANSWER It triggered the Korean War and was an important intelligence failure. The Korean War also marked the beginning of the broader Cold War. DCI Beetle Smith responded by making important changes, including to the preparation and importance of National Intelligence Estimates.
What was the significance of the covert actions in Iran in 1953 and Guatemala in 1954? - ANSWER Iran - The US staged a series of popular demonstrations in Iran that overthrew the nationalist government of Premier Mohammed Mossadegh and elevated the Shah, who was friendly towards the West.
Guatemala - The US overthrew the leftist government of President Jacobo Arbenz Guzman because of fears that his government would be sympathetic to the Soviet Union. The U.S. provided a clandestine opposition radio station and air support for the rebels. Following the Iranian coup, this coup added further support for covert action as a policy tool.
What was the significance of the Bay of Pigs for the CIA and President John F. Kennedy? - ANSWER This was failed covert action amid poor communication. Eisenhower was concerned that Castro was leaning toward the Soviets and was planning on overthrowing Castro, but Kennedy was informed of the invasion, but scaled back direct US air support. The invasion failed and this strengthened Castro's dictatorship and his ties to the USSR. It was a major embarrassment for the new president. CIA got a new director.
What was the significance of the Cuban missile crisis for the CIA and President Kennedy? - ANSWER The Cuban Missile Crisis was a mixed success. Analysts concluded that Soviets wouldn't try and put missiles in Cuba, but DCI argued that they would and when imagery showed missile sites, DCI won credibility. Considered a victory after embarrassment of Bay of Pigs. Made Kennedy appear strong. Kennedy gained faith in CIA.
What was the significance of the Test Offensive for the CIA and American popular support for the Vietnam war? - ANSWER Failure to anticipate size and time of North Vietnamese attack. Failed to anticipate attack during a holiday, expecting it after the holiday. Lot of American lives lost. Popular support for the war went down. CIA lost credibility.
What was the significance of the ABM Treaty and SALT (1972) for the USIC? - ANSWER These treaties limited anti-ballistic missiles and strategic nuclear delivery systems. The agreements cited use of GEOINT and SIGINT to verify compliance. This meant the USIC was in charge of monitoring the Soviets activities to make sure they were holding up their end of the agreement.
What were the Church and Pike committees? What impacts did their investigations have? - ANSWER Church and Pike Committees were formed in the wake of revelations that the CIA had been spying on U.S. citizens to examine the whole intel community. They found illegal activity by the CIA, FBI, and NSA. This undermined public confidence in government institutions
cut and dry.
USSR: large size and strong CI. Hard to collect
Middle East: shifting dynamics, many players, need for collection changing. Hard to analyze.
What was the significance of the USIC coverage of the six-day war? - ANSWER The 6-day war was correctly analyzed by the CIA in the fact that Israel easily defeated the Arab states.
What was the significance of the USIC coverage of the Yom Kippur War? - ANSWER The Yom Kippur war was a failure of the CIA because they were caught flat-footed when Egypt and Syria attacked Israeli forces believing that Israeli military superiority would dissuade these attacks.
How did the USIC miss calling the fall of the Shah and the Iranian Revolution?
- ANSWER There was little collection on Iran prior to the fall of the Shah because of the sheer cultural differences between the west and the totalitarian government of Iran which analysts did not consider. The Shah promised to give intel to USIC so they didn't need to run assets.
In what ways are Pearl Harbor and 9/11 similar examples of intel failure? In
what way are they different? - ANSWER Pearl Harbor and 9/11 are similar examples of intel failure in the fact that the USIC did not prevent a major attack on US and prompted changes in the Intel community.
Pear Harbor: Didn't think Japan would want to draw US into war and didn't accurately read Japan's capability and was a strategic failure in not predicting attack.
9/11: USIC said Al Qaeda was going to attack but didn't have authority to act on this. Warnings didn't lead to tactical advantage in we knew the attack was coming but could not prevent it. Effect was same.
