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SIS 315 Final Exam Study Guide With
Complete Solution
How did Prof. Avery define the core mission of the USIC? - ANSWER The core mission of the USIC is to provide decision advantage to U.S. policy officials, warfighters, & law enforcement officials that will allow them to protect and advance U.S. interests
What are the four key functions in support of the core USIC mission, as discussed in class? - ANSWER Requirements: What do we need to know?
Collection: How can we gather what is needed to fill requirements?
Analysis: How do we make some of this information?
Counterintelligence: How do we protect our secrets?
What are the five main intelligence collection disciplines or INTs that we discussed in class? - ANSWER GEOINT - Imagery from satellites, UAV's, airplanes, etc.
HUMINT - Human Intelligence
OSINT - Open Source
SIGINT - Signals Intelligence
MASINT - Measurement and Signatures based on emissions
What are the five steps in the agent acquisition cycle? Who is the "spy?" What is a "developmental?" - ANSWER 1. Targeting - Spotting an individual w/ access to desired info.
- Assessing - Gaining assets confidence/trust and seeing if they are good enough
- Pitching - Recruiting the individual to spy
- Handling - Managing the active asset
- Terminating - Asset proven unreliable or info is not needed; let them go; don't kill them
Spy is the one doing the spying (i.e. asset or agent)
Developmental - Potential Asset
When is low-resolution imagery better than high-resolution imagery? - ANSWER Low resolution is more useful when a large area must be searched to find a particular object/set of objects.
What are the three levels of classification, as discussed in class? How is each defined? - ANSWER Confidential: Expected to cause damage to national security
Secret: Expected to cause serious damage to national security
Top Secret: Expected to cause exceptionally grave damage to national security
What are five types of covert action that we discussed in class? - ANSWER Propaganda - An age-old technique of disseminating information that has been created with a specific political or military outcome in mind
Political Activity - Designed to support allies or impede foes by providing support or targeting propaganda to influence elections
mislead by false or selective results. (ex. Counterspy)
What key roles did George Washington play in terms of intelligence during the American Revolution? - ANSWER Washington created the first intelligence collection and covert action effort in our history and served as the main customer as commander in chief. Because Washington was commanding the weaker force, he put high value on espionage, counterintelligence and analysis.
What key roles did Benjamin Franklin play in terms of intelligence during the American Revolution? - ANSWER Served on both the Secret committee and the Committee of Secret Correspondence and was a case officer when serving as an ambassador overseas, gathering intelligence from human sources
What was the first U.S. covert action (or unconventional warfare operation) to overthrow a foreign government? - ANSWER Derna Campaign
What was a Civil War equivalent of GEOINT? Of SIGINT? - ANSWER Hot air balloons
What was the Coordinator of Information? - ANSWER FDR, desperate for solid intel at the start of WWII created the Office of the Coordinator of Information (COI). This was in response to lackluster intelligence being
provided by the State Department, Army, Navy and FBI. It was created to streamline collection, organization, and dissemination of the intelligence. They were given the authorization to collect and analyze all info and data which may bear upon National Security.
What was the Central Intelligence Group? - ANSWER In 1946, Harry S. Truman created the Central Intelligence Group (CIG) and the Director of Central Intelligence to help keep him abreast of intelligence and coordinate IC efforts. This action paralleled what FDR had done in creating the COI. The CIG eventually took over the SSU overseas assets.
What was the OSS? - ANSWER The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was established from the Office of the COI by a presidential military order issued by FDR on June 13, 1942. Their job is to collect and analyze strategic information required by the Joint Chiefs of Staff and conduct special operations not assigned to other agencies.
What three organizations did the original 1947 National Security Act create? - ANSWER The 1947 Act created the National Military Establishment and the National Security Council (NSC). The CIG also became the CIA and the position of the DCI was given formal powers and stature.
What functions did the 1947 National Security Act give the CIA? - ANSWER Advise NSC in matters concerning such intel activities of the Government
Explain the idea and logic of "containment" vis- à -vis the Soviet Union. - ANSWER The logic for it was that, because of the internal contradictions and inefficiencies in the Soviet system, only continuous expansion would allow the Soviet Union to continue.
What was the significance of the North Korean invasion of South Korea? - ANSWER It triggered the Korean War and was an important intelligence failure. The Korean War also marked the beginning of the broader Cold War. DCI Beetle Smith responded by making important changes, including to the preparation and importance of National Intelligence Estimates.
What was the significance of the covert actions in Iran in 1953 and Guatemala in 1954? - ANSWER Both these instances were the US using covert action successfully and these instances helped cement covert action as a good policy tool.
What was the significance of the Bay of Pigs for the CIA and President John F. Kennedy? - ANSWER This was failed covert action amid poor communication. Eisenhower was concerned that Castro was leaning toward the Soviets and was planning on overthrowing Castro, but Kennedy was informed of the invasion, but scaled back direct US air support. The invasion failed and this strengthened Castro's dictatorship and his ties to the USSR. It was a major embarrassment for the new president. CIA got a new director.
What was the significance of the Cuban missile crisis for the CIA and President Kennedy? - ANSWER The Cuban Missile Crisis was a mixed success. Analysts concluded that Soviets wouldn't try and put missiles in Cuba, but DCI argued that they would and when imagery showed missile sites, DCI won credibility. Considered a victory after embarrassment of Bay of Pigs. Made Kennedy appear strong. Kennedy gained faith in CIA.
What was the significance of the Tet Offensive for the CIA and American popular support for the Vietnam War? - ANSWER Failure to anticipate size and time of North Vietnamese attack. Failed to anticipate attack during a holiday, expecting it after the holiday. Lot of American lives lost. Popular support for the war went down. CIA lost credibility.
What was the significance of the ABM Treaty and SALT (1972) for the USIC? - ANSWER These treaties limited anti-ballistic missiles and strategic nuclear delivery systems. The agreements cited use of GEOINT and SIGINT to verify compliance. This meant the USIC was in charge of monitoring the Soviets activities to make sure they were holding up their end of the agreement.
What were the Church and Pike Committees? What impacts did their investigations have? - ANSWER Church and Pike Committees were formed in the wake of revelations that the CIA had been spying on U.S. citizens to examine the whole intel community. They found illegal activity by the CIA, FBI, and NSA. This undermined public confidence in government institutions and prompted the House and Senate to form a permanent intel oversight
What special roles do Saudi Arabia, Israel, and Iran each play in the Middle East? - ANSWER Saudi Arabia: worlds largest oil exporter and moderate pro west country
Israel: in the center of important and volatile region. Places high priority on intel collection and analysis due to being surrounded by hostile neighbors.
Iran: a key actor in unstable region. Helps determine agenda of region.
What was the significance of the USIC coverage of the Six-Day War? - ANSWER The 6-day war was correctly analyzed by the CIA in the fact that Israel easily defeated the Arab states.
What was the significance of the USIC coverage of the Yom Kippur War? - ANSWER The Yom Kippur war was a failure of the CIA because they were caught flat-footed when Egypt and Syria attacked Israeli forces believing that Israeli military superiority would dissuade these attacks.
How did the USIC miss calling the fall of the Shah and the Iranian Revolution? Why was there so little collection by the USIC in Iran? - ANSWER There was little collection on Iran prior to the fall of the Shah because of the sheer cultural differences between the west and the totalitarian government of Iran
which analysts did not consider. The Shah promised to give intel to USIC so they didn't need to run assets.
What was the significance of the 1993 World Trade Center attack? - ANSWER ????
In what ways are Pearl Harbor and 9/11 similar examples of intelligence failure? In what ways are they different? - ANSWER Pearl Harbor and 9/11 are similar examples of intel failure in the fact that the USIC did not prevent a major attack on US and prompted changes in the Intel community.
Pearl Harbor: Didn't think Japan would want to draw US into war and didn't accurately read Japan's capability and was a strategic failure in not predicting attack.
9/11: USIC said Al Qaeda was going to attack but didn't have authority to act on this. Warnings didn't lead to tactical advantage in we knew the attack was coming but could not prevent it. Effect was same.
What were the causes and significance of the intelligence failure on Iraq WMD? - ANSWER Numerous failures in intel gathering and analysis lead to creation of inaccurate materials that mislead policy makers and public. Triggered US involvement in Iraq War. Major embarrassment. Lead to reform
organizations: CIA - ANSWER CIA - Central Intelligence Agency: Support NSC and provide intel to policymakers
Provide the names and distinctive roles of each of the following USIC organizations: NSA - ANSWER NSA - National Security Agency: Processing Information and date (SIGINT)
Provide the names and distinctive roles of each of the following USIC organizations: NGA - ANSWER NGA - National Geospatial Intelligence Agency: Manages GEOINT
Provide the names and distinctive roles of each of the following USIC organizations: NRO - ANSWER NRO - National Reconnaissance Office: One of big 5 US Intelligence Agencies, designs, builds, and operates satellites and provides intel to other departments
Provide the names and distinctive roles of each of the following USIC organizations: DIA - ANSWER DIA - Defense Intelligence Agency: Controls military intelligence information
Provide the names and distinctive roles of each of the following USIC organizations: NGIC - ANSWER NGIC - National Ground Intelligence Center: Part of INSCOM, provides scientific and technical intelligence to foreign
forces
Provide the names and distinctive roles of each of the following USIC organizations: INR - ANSWER INR - Bureau of Intelligence and Research: Providing all-source intelligence support to diplomats and analyzing information
Provide the names and distinctive roles of each of the following USIC organizations: ONI - ANSWER ONI - Office of Naval Intelligence: Provides maritime intelligence to Navy, warfighter and USIC
Provide the names and distinctive roles of each of the following USIC organizations: INSCOM - ANSWER INSCOM - US Army Intelligence and Security Command: Supports military operations and delivers support to military and USIC
Name five tools of U.S. Congressional oversight of the USIC, as discussed in class. - ANSWER 1. Budget
- Questions for the Record
- Congressionally Directed Actions
The Mossad is the agency responsible primarily for overseas intelligence work. The Mossad reports directly to the Prime Minister and is exempt from the laws of Isreal
The Military Intelligence Directorate (Aman) is the supreme military intelligence organization.
What is distinctive about the Russian intelligence community? - ANSWER Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation (FSB) is the main internal security intelligence agency. Internal security intelligence agency.
Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation (SVR) is the main overseas intelligence organization. Successor of KGB and no check and balance for this organization.
Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (or Main intelligence Directorate GRU) is the largest Russian military intel organization.
