Download Speech Production and Disorders: Respiratory System and Speech Mechanisms and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity!
SLHS 321 EXAM WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100% VERIFIED
Speech Recognition in Order from the Speaker
- Linguistic level
- Physiological level
- Acoustic level
- Physiological level
- Linguistic level
Model of Expressive Language
- Message Planning: Finding the ideas you want to communicate
- Message Coding: Choosing the words and sounds, grammatical sentence
- MotorPlanning/Programming: Choose the appropriate movement strategy
Message Planning Finding the ideas you want to communicate
Message Coding Choosing the words and sounds, grammatical sentence
Motor Planning/Programming: Choosing the appropriate movement strategy
Motor Execution The direct activation and movement of the muscles of the respiratory, phonatory, resonatory, articulatory systems
Respiratory System How to make the sound by changing the shape of our vocal tract
Phonatory System: Vibration of the vocal folds
Resonatory System: Gives the voice its distinct quality
Articulatory System Facial, side, tongue muscles
Source Where sound comes from
Filter
- Anything that modifies that sound
- Affected by changing the length and shape of the oral cavities
10 Functional Components of Speech
- Abdominal muscles
- Diaphragm
- Rib Cage
- Larynx: Vocal folds located here
- Tongue/pharynx: Behind our mouth above the larynx
- Posterior Tongue:
Dysarthria -Speech movements may be slower, faster, lack coordination, weaker
- Caused by neurological difference
Apraxia
- Difficulty with motor planning
- Recognize difficulty with their speech (problem with the planning of what someone is trying to say)
Swallowing and Feeding disorders If vocal folds dont function right, food can sneak into an airway
Vocal Nodules Little growth on the vocal folds when there is misuse
Speech Sound Disorders When someone has a problem pronouncing certain sounds
2 Types of Muscles
- Agonists: Contracting Muscle Antagonists: Muscles that act in opposition
Ventral Toward the belly when referring to the spinal cord
Dorsal Toward the back of the spine
Anterior Towards the front/belly
Posterior Toward the back
Medial/Proximal/Central Toward the midline or axis of symmetry
Lateral/Distal/Peripheral Away from the midline
Cranial
Abduction Movement away from the body
Adduction -Movement towards the body
What are the 3 things the respiratory system include?
- Skeletal Superstructure
- Pulmonary System
- Chest Wall
What are the 2 important functions of the respiratory system?
- Respiration for life purposes
- Respiration for speech
What are the 3 functional components of speech that is involved in the respiratory system?
- The diaphragm
- Abdominal muscles
- Rib Cage
Function of the respiratory system Provides the power to generate adequate subglottal pressure necessary for phonation and speech
Adequate (just right) subglottal pressure is needed to:
- Phonate
- Produce appropriate loudness for speech
- Produce appropriately long breath groups and phrases
Skeletal Framework for Breathing
- Superior most aspect is the first rib and clavicle
- Inferior most aspect is the 12th rib
- Lateral and anterior aspects are ribs and sternum
- Posterior most aspect is the spinal column
Vertebral Column
- Zs group of block like bones called vertebrae
- Loosely strung together
- Connected by hooks, ligaments, nerves
- Houses the spinal cord
What are the 5 types of vertebrae?
Pectoral Girdle
- Point of attachment of the upper extremities to the spinal column and rib cage
- Attached to the superior sternum and supports the scapula and shoulder
Clavicle
- Collarbone
- Supports the scapula
Scapula
- Shoulder blade
- Supports flexible upper body movements - also important in respiration
Rib Anatomy
- 12 Pair of Ribs
- Barrel shaped structure that slopes downward when inactive
- During inspiration - ribs elevate and move anteriorly and laterally as well
Ribs 1-
- Have a direct connect to the sternum via cartilage connection
- Ribs get progressively bigger
Ribs 8-
- Have indirect connect to the sternum
- Ribs get smaller
Ribs 11 & 12
- Floating ribs - no attachment to the sternum - only the vertebral column
3 Parts of the Sternum
- Manubrium
- Body
- Xiphoid process
Sternum
- Breastbone
- Ribs attach here
Two major divisions of the pulmonary sytem
Parts of the Pulmonary System
expand in a vertical direction
Diaphragm shape & location
- Dome shaped muscle that separates the thorax from the abdomen
- Is found right underneath the lungs
Thorax
- Everything above the diaphragm
- Chest Wall
- Rib Cage
- Sternum
- Spine
- Diaphragm separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity
2 Types of Intercostal Muscles
- External Intercostals
- Internal Intercostals
External Intercostals Between ribs on the outside of the thoracic cage
Internal Intercostals
Between ribs on the inside of the thoracic cage
2 Types of Internal Intercostals
- Intercartilaginous
- Interosseous
Intercartilaginous muscles Contraction caused ribs to lift (like external intercostals), between cartilage portion of ribs
Interosseous muscles
- Contraction causes ribs to compress
- Muscle of expiration
- Closer to the rib bones
4 Accessory Muscles that assist with inspiration
- Scalenes
- Pectoralis minor
- Pectoralis Major
- Serratus Anterior
Which type of muscles assist in inspiration?
Rest Breathing
- As the diaphragm lowers (by contracting it, down and out), lungs are forced to expand and negative pressure within the lungs is created because of its expansion
- During inhale, air enters the lungs until lung pressure and atmosphere air pressure are equalized
During rest breathing, what is the percentage of inspiration to expiration? 40%-60%
When is equilibrium reached?
- Equilibrium is reached at the end of inhalation and the end of exhalation
- When lung pressure and atmosphere air pressure are equalized
2 Forces of Breathing
- Passive 2.. Active
Passive Forces
- Recoil forces
- Surface tension of alveoli
- Gravity
Active Forces
Muscles Assisting with Inspiration
- Intercostal muscles (external, intercartilaginous internal)
- Scaleses
- Sternocleidomastoid
- Pectoralis minor
- Pectoralis major
- Inspiratory muscles are contracting to help slow down the recoil forces during expiration
3 Forces to Generate Subglottal Pressure
- Recoil forces of the rib cage
- Gravity
- Muscular forces
Speech Breathing: Expiration
- The initial act of expiration is produced by the relaxation of the muscles of inspiration, and recoil forces of the rib cage
- We only speak during expiration, therefore the expiration must be controlled so there is continuous contraction of the muscles of inspiration to control the recoil forces and slow the exhaling
- Muscles of expiration then contract to continue to push out air
Speech Breathing percentage of inspiration to expiration
RV + TV + IRV + ERV
4 Types of Capacities
- Vital Capacity
- Total Lung Capacity
- Inspiratory Capacity
- Functional Reserve Capacity
Vital Capacity Total amount of air an individual can voluntarily inhale and exhale
Total Lung Capacity The maximum amount of air an individual's lungs can hold
Inspiratory capacity
- Max amount of air that can be inspired from expiratory end of tidal volume
Functional Reserve Capacity Amount of air still present in lungs at the expiratory end of tidal breathing
If lung volume is higher than resting level..
then there will be positive pressure (air will want to flow out)
If lung volume is lower than resting level... then there will be negative pressure (air will want to flow in)
Which force generates negative pressure? Inspiratory muscular force
- Count down to meet the number
Which force generates positive pressure? Expiratory muscular force
- Count up to meet the number
Steady State Utterness
- Inspiratory muscular forces "check" (to slow down) the recoil forces
- At point where the recoil forces = target subglottal pressure, we don't need inspiratory muscles anymore
- To continue to generate the level of pressure required expiratory muscular forces take over
Running Speech
