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SLP Praxis 1- Anatomy and Physiology Final Exam
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Parts involved in Respiration โโlungs, bronchi, trachea, spinal column, sternum, rib cage Muscles of Respiration โโdiaphragm, Abdominals, and Intercostals Intercostals โโ 11 pairs of internal intercostals pull thorax down and in for exhalation, 11 pairs of external intercostals pull thorax up and out for inhalation Diaphragm โโmuscle at floor of chest cavity that separates abdomen and thorax. Plays major role in breathing and is almost the only muscle used in passive breathing. Laryngeal Structures โโhyoid bone, epiglottis, thyroid and cricoid, arytenoid cartilages, corniculate cartilages, cuneiform cartilages Epiglottis โโProtective flap of cartilage that covers the larynx during a swallo
Hyoid Bone โโfree-floating bone that many muscles and the larynx are anchored to Arytenoid cartilages โโpyramid-shaped cartilages that allow sliding and circular movement of larynx Corniculate cartilages โโreduce laryngeal opening during swallow Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles โโthyroarytenoid, adductors: oblique and transverse arytenoid muscles and lateral cricoarytenoid, abducters: posterior cricoarytenoid ALL INNERVATED BY CN X (VAGUS) Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles โโpurpose: to anchor and move larynx, all anchored to hyoid bone elevators: digastric, mylohyoid (CN V), stylohyoid (CN VII), geniohyoid, hypoglossus, genioglossus (XII) depressors: thyrohyoid (CN XII), omohyoid, sternothyroid, sternohyoid 3 pairs of VFs โโ1) true folds
6 = supplementary motor cortex Natural resonators โโ-cause some frequency components to be dampened and others to be enhanced
- include: pharynx, nasal cavity, and oral cavity The pharynx โโ- 3 parts: laryngopharynx, oropharynx, nasopharynx
- laryngopharynx and oropharynx add resonance to most sounds
- innervated mostly by CN X and XI Muscles of the Velum โโ1) elevators: levator veli palatini, palatoglossus (CN X and XI)
- depressors: palatoglossus and palatopharyngeous (CN X and XI) Mandibular Muscles โโ1) elevators: masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid (CN V)
- depressors: anterior belly of digastric, mylohyoid (CN V), posterior belly of digastric (CN VII), geniohyoid (CN VII)
Parts of the tongue โโ1) frenum/frenulum: connects tongue to mandible
- tip: thin end of tongue that is very important in articulation
- blade: small region behind tip that lies inferior to alveolar ridge
- dorsum: body of tongue that lies below soft and hard palates
- root: back and bottom of tongue Intrinsic Tongue Muscles โโ1) superior longitudinal muscles: shortens tongue and turns tip and lateral edges up
- inferior longitudinal muscles: shortens tongue, turns tip down, and helps retract
- transverse muscles: narrow and elongate
- vertical muscles: flatten ALL INNERVATED BY CN XII Extrensic Tongue Muscles โโ1) genioglossus: forms bulk of tongue, retracts tongue, pulls downward and protrudes tip; moves entire tongue forward
- styloglossus: draws tongue up and back and can make dorsum concave
- hyoglossus: retracts and depresses
Types of Neurons โโ1) sensory/afferent: carry sensory info from peripheral nervous system to brain
- motor/efferent: carry info from CNS to PNS and cause muscle contractions
- interneurons: connect one neuron to another Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) โโ- nerves outside of skull and spinal column
- contains 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves Cranial Nerves โโ- emerge from the brainstem
- receive innervation from corticobulbar tract of pyramidal system CN V (trigeminal) โโ1) sensory: nose, eyes, forehead, lips, maxilla, cheeks, tongue, sinus and palate
- motor: jaw muscles, tensor veli palatini
- damage: inability to close mouth, difficulty in chewing and sharp pain in face (trigeminal neuralgia) CN VII (facial) โโ1) sensory: taste and anterior 2/3 of tongue
- motor: facial expression
- damage: mask-like appearance with minimal or no facial expression CN IX (glossopharyngeal) โโ1) sensory: taste and posterior 1/3 of tongue, ear, faucial pillars, soft palate and pharynx
- motor: pharynx
- damage: difficulty swallowing, loss of gag reflex, loss of taste and sensation to tongue CN X (vagus) โโ1) sensory: digestive system, heart, trachea, pharynx and larynx
- motor: digestive system, heart and lungs
- damage: swallowing, paralysis of velum, voice problems Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve (RLN) โโ-branch of vagus nerve
- regulates intrinsic muscles of larynx
- can be damaged during thyroid surgery
- damage leads to partial or total VF paralysis
Parasympathetic System โโ-part of autonomic nervous system
- relaxes body Central Nervous System (CNS) โโ-composed of spinal cord and brain
- acts as a central center and command station Parts of the brain โโ1)Brainstem
- midbrain
- pons
- medulla
- Reticular Activating System
- Diencephalon
- Basal Ganglia
- Cerebellum
- Cerebrum Brainstem โโ-oldest part of the brain
- connects spinal cord with brain via diencephalon
- connects cerebellum to other CNS structures
- made of: midbrain, pons, and medulla Pons โโ-middle section of brainstem
- serves as connection point between cerebellum and other cerebral structures
- transmits motor info from cerebrum to cerebellum
- houses nuclei for trigeminal (V) and facial (VII) nerves Medulla โโ-bottom part of the brainstem
- houses all fibers that move down to spinal column
- houses nuclei for CN IX, X, and XII
- is point of decussation for pyramidal tract Reticular Activating System โโ-integrates motor and sensory impulses
- primary mechanism of attention and consciousness
- important in maintaining and controlling sleep-wake cycles
- involuntary and uncontrolled movements Cerebellum โโ-lies below cerebrum and behind brainstem
- composed of 2 hemispheres
- all fibers pass through peduncles
- does not initiate motor movement but coordinates with all parts of brain
- serves as modulator between sensory and motor systems Cerebellum regulates โโ-equilibrium
- body posture
- coordination Cerebellar Damage โโ=ataxia
- abnormal gait
- disturbed balance
- ataxic dysarthria
Cerebrum โโ-biggest and most important part of CNS
- contains 10 - 15 billion nerves
- longitudinal fissure separates brain into right and left hemispheres
- Rolandic fissure arbitrarily separates anterior from posterior
- composed of 4 lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital Frontal Lobe โโ-makes up 1/3 of the brain
- involved in: formation of plans and intentions
- contains: primary motor cortex, supplementary motor cortex, and Broca's area (for speech and language) Primary Motor Cortex โโ-located in precentral gyrus
- controls voluntary movement
- muscle movement controlled via pyramidal system
