Docsity
Docsity

Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity


Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan


Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips

SLP Praxis 1: Anatomy and Physiology Final Exam Study Guide, Exams of Anatomy

This study guide provides a comprehensive overview of key anatomical and physiological concepts relevant to speech-language pathology (slp) praxis 1 exam preparation. It covers essential structures and functions of the respiratory system, laryngeal structures, muscles involved in speech production, and the nervous system's role in speech. The guide includes questions and answers to reinforce understanding of these concepts.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 02/14/2025

Holygrams
Holygrams ๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ

3.7

(3)

2.2K documents

1 / 14

Toggle sidebar

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

bg1
SLP Praxis 1- Anatomy and Physiology Final Exam
Study Guide Questions & Answers with 100% Correct
Answers | Verified | Latest Update 2025
Parts involved in Respiration โœ”โœ”lungs, bronchi, trachea, spinal column, sternum, rib cage
Muscles of Respiration โœ”โœ”diaphragm, Abdominals, and Intercostals
Intercostals โœ”โœ”11 pairs of internal intercostals pull thorax down and in for exhalation, 11 pairs
of external intercostals pull thorax up and out for inhalation
Diaphragm โœ”โœ”muscle at floor of chest cavity that separates abdomen and thorax. Plays major
role in breathing and is almost the only muscle used in passive breathing.
Laryngeal Structures โœ”โœ”hyoid bone, epiglottis, thyroid and cricoid, arytenoid cartilages,
corniculate cartilages, cuneiform cartilages
Epiglottis โœ”โœ”Protective flap of cartilage that covers the larynx during a swallo
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa
pfd
pfe

Partial preview of the text

Download SLP Praxis 1: Anatomy and Physiology Final Exam Study Guide and more Exams Anatomy in PDF only on Docsity!

SLP Praxis 1- Anatomy and Physiology Final Exam

Study Guide Questions & Answers with 100% Correct

Answers | Verified | Latest Update 202 5

Parts involved in Respiration โœ”โœ”lungs, bronchi, trachea, spinal column, sternum, rib cage Muscles of Respiration โœ”โœ”diaphragm, Abdominals, and Intercostals Intercostals โœ”โœ” 11 pairs of internal intercostals pull thorax down and in for exhalation, 11 pairs of external intercostals pull thorax up and out for inhalation Diaphragm โœ”โœ”muscle at floor of chest cavity that separates abdomen and thorax. Plays major role in breathing and is almost the only muscle used in passive breathing. Laryngeal Structures โœ”โœ”hyoid bone, epiglottis, thyroid and cricoid, arytenoid cartilages, corniculate cartilages, cuneiform cartilages Epiglottis โœ”โœ”Protective flap of cartilage that covers the larynx during a swallo

Hyoid Bone โœ”โœ”free-floating bone that many muscles and the larynx are anchored to Arytenoid cartilages โœ”โœ”pyramid-shaped cartilages that allow sliding and circular movement of larynx Corniculate cartilages โœ”โœ”reduce laryngeal opening during swallow Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles โœ”โœ”thyroarytenoid, adductors: oblique and transverse arytenoid muscles and lateral cricoarytenoid, abducters: posterior cricoarytenoid ALL INNERVATED BY CN X (VAGUS) Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles โœ”โœ”purpose: to anchor and move larynx, all anchored to hyoid bone elevators: digastric, mylohyoid (CN V), stylohyoid (CN VII), geniohyoid, hypoglossus, genioglossus (XII) depressors: thyrohyoid (CN XII), omohyoid, sternothyroid, sternohyoid 3 pairs of VFs โœ”โœ”1) true folds

6 = supplementary motor cortex Natural resonators โœ”โœ”-cause some frequency components to be dampened and others to be enhanced

  • include: pharynx, nasal cavity, and oral cavity The pharynx โœ”โœ”- 3 parts: laryngopharynx, oropharynx, nasopharynx
  • laryngopharynx and oropharynx add resonance to most sounds
  • innervated mostly by CN X and XI Muscles of the Velum โœ”โœ”1) elevators: levator veli palatini, palatoglossus (CN X and XI)
  1. depressors: palatoglossus and palatopharyngeous (CN X and XI) Mandibular Muscles โœ”โœ”1) elevators: masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid (CN V)
  2. depressors: anterior belly of digastric, mylohyoid (CN V), posterior belly of digastric (CN VII), geniohyoid (CN VII)

Parts of the tongue โœ”โœ”1) frenum/frenulum: connects tongue to mandible

  1. tip: thin end of tongue that is very important in articulation
  2. blade: small region behind tip that lies inferior to alveolar ridge
  3. dorsum: body of tongue that lies below soft and hard palates
  4. root: back and bottom of tongue Intrinsic Tongue Muscles โœ”โœ”1) superior longitudinal muscles: shortens tongue and turns tip and lateral edges up
  5. inferior longitudinal muscles: shortens tongue, turns tip down, and helps retract
  6. transverse muscles: narrow and elongate
  7. vertical muscles: flatten ALL INNERVATED BY CN XII Extrensic Tongue Muscles โœ”โœ”1) genioglossus: forms bulk of tongue, retracts tongue, pulls downward and protrudes tip; moves entire tongue forward
  8. styloglossus: draws tongue up and back and can make dorsum concave
  9. hyoglossus: retracts and depresses

Types of Neurons โœ”โœ”1) sensory/afferent: carry sensory info from peripheral nervous system to brain

  1. motor/efferent: carry info from CNS to PNS and cause muscle contractions
  2. interneurons: connect one neuron to another Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) โœ”โœ”- nerves outside of skull and spinal column
  • contains 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves Cranial Nerves โœ”โœ”- emerge from the brainstem
  • receive innervation from corticobulbar tract of pyramidal system CN V (trigeminal) โœ”โœ”1) sensory: nose, eyes, forehead, lips, maxilla, cheeks, tongue, sinus and palate
  1. motor: jaw muscles, tensor veli palatini
  2. damage: inability to close mouth, difficulty in chewing and sharp pain in face (trigeminal neuralgia) CN VII (facial) โœ”โœ”1) sensory: taste and anterior 2/3 of tongue
  1. motor: facial expression
  2. damage: mask-like appearance with minimal or no facial expression CN IX (glossopharyngeal) โœ”โœ”1) sensory: taste and posterior 1/3 of tongue, ear, faucial pillars, soft palate and pharynx
  3. motor: pharynx
  4. damage: difficulty swallowing, loss of gag reflex, loss of taste and sensation to tongue CN X (vagus) โœ”โœ”1) sensory: digestive system, heart, trachea, pharynx and larynx
  5. motor: digestive system, heart and lungs
  6. damage: swallowing, paralysis of velum, voice problems Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve (RLN) โœ”โœ”-branch of vagus nerve
  • regulates intrinsic muscles of larynx
  • can be damaged during thyroid surgery
  • damage leads to partial or total VF paralysis

Parasympathetic System โœ”โœ”-part of autonomic nervous system

  • relaxes body Central Nervous System (CNS) โœ”โœ”-composed of spinal cord and brain
  • acts as a central center and command station Parts of the brain โœ”โœ”1)Brainstem
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla
  1. Reticular Activating System
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Basal Ganglia
  4. Cerebellum
  5. Cerebrum Brainstem โœ”โœ”-oldest part of the brain
  • connects spinal cord with brain via diencephalon
  • connects cerebellum to other CNS structures
  • made of: midbrain, pons, and medulla Pons โœ”โœ”-middle section of brainstem
  • serves as connection point between cerebellum and other cerebral structures
  • transmits motor info from cerebrum to cerebellum
  • houses nuclei for trigeminal (V) and facial (VII) nerves Medulla โœ”โœ”-bottom part of the brainstem
  • houses all fibers that move down to spinal column
  • houses nuclei for CN IX, X, and XII
  • is point of decussation for pyramidal tract Reticular Activating System โœ”โœ”-integrates motor and sensory impulses
  • primary mechanism of attention and consciousness
  • important in maintaining and controlling sleep-wake cycles
  • involuntary and uncontrolled movements Cerebellum โœ”โœ”-lies below cerebrum and behind brainstem
  • composed of 2 hemispheres
  • all fibers pass through peduncles
  • does not initiate motor movement but coordinates with all parts of brain
  • serves as modulator between sensory and motor systems Cerebellum regulates โœ”โœ”-equilibrium
  • body posture
  • coordination Cerebellar Damage โœ”โœ”=ataxia
  • abnormal gait
  • disturbed balance
  • ataxic dysarthria

Cerebrum โœ”โœ”-biggest and most important part of CNS

  • contains 10 - 15 billion nerves
  • longitudinal fissure separates brain into right and left hemispheres
  • Rolandic fissure arbitrarily separates anterior from posterior
  • composed of 4 lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital Frontal Lobe โœ”โœ”-makes up 1/3 of the brain
  • involved in: formation of plans and intentions
  • contains: primary motor cortex, supplementary motor cortex, and Broca's area (for speech and language) Primary Motor Cortex โœ”โœ”-located in precentral gyrus
  • controls voluntary movement
  • muscle movement controlled via pyramidal system