Download SLP Praxis Chapter 1: Respiration, Phonation, Articulation and more Exams Speech-Language Pathology in PDF only on Docsity!
SLP Praxis Chapter 1 Practice Questions & Answers
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Respiration - ✔✔exchange of gas between an organism and its environment Pressure in the lungs as the lungs expand during inhalation - ✔✔decrease Positive pressure happens right before... - ✔✔exhalation The right lung is when compared to the left lung. - ✔✔bigger, more broad The 3 types of vertebrae are: - ✔✔Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar Three structures that are key to adequate respiration: - ✔✔Lungs, diaphragm, ribs External intercostals are important for: - ✔✔inhalation (pulls ribs up and out to increase diameter of lungs)
Internal intercostals are important for: - ✔✔exhalation (pulls ribs down to decrease diameter of lungs) Two important neck muscles for respiration: - ✔✔sternocleidomastoid (elevates sternums which helps elevate rib cage) and trapezius (controls head/neck, influencing a person's ability to breathe) Abdominal muscles ONLY aid with: - ✔✔expriation The process of respiration is the foundation for: - ✔✔phonation 3 biological functions of the larynx: - ✔✔1. protect the airway
- aid with excretion and lifting heavy items
- produces the cough reflex to get foreign objects out of the trachea 3 key cartilages of the larynx: - ✔✔1. Thyroid cartilage
- Cricoid cartilage
- Digastric
- Hyoglossus Laryngeal depressors (infrahyoid muscles) include: - ✔✔1. Thyrohyoid
- Omohyoid
- Sternothyroid
- Sternohyoid Layers of the vocal folds: - ✔✔1. Epithelium (outermost part)
- Lamina propria
- Vocalis muscle (innermost part) Aryepiglottic folds - ✔✔separate the laryngeal vestibule from the pharynx to preserve the airway Ventricular (false) folds - ✔✔compress/close to add an extra layer of protection to the vocal folds
Myoelastic-aerodynamic theroy - ✔✔vocal folds vibrate because of the forces and pressure of air and elasticity of the vocal folds the air flowing out of the lungs is stopped by the closed vocal folds building up subglottal air pressure which blows the vocal folds apart Bernoulli Effect - ✔✔increased speed of the air passing through the vocal folds set the vocal folds into vibration, causing phonation. "Sucking" motion causes the vocal folds to move. Cerebellum - ✔✔regulates motor movement; critical for speech The posterior belly of the digastric nerve is innervated by CN: - ✔✔VII (facial) CN X includes the following branches: - ✔✔Superior Laryngeal Branch Recurrent Laryngeal Branch Internal branch of the SLN provides sensory innervation to: - ✔✔larynx
Muscle that both elevates and depresses the velum: - ✔✔palatoglossus Muscle that lowers the velum, narrows pharyngeal cavity: - ✔✔palatopharyngeus Parts of the maxillary bone that create the hard palate: - ✔✔palatine process (make up biggest part of it) and palatine bone 3 Parts of the hard palate: - ✔✔1. Premaxilla
- Palatine process
- Palatine bone Functions of the muscles of the mandible: - ✔✔1. opening and closing the mouth
- chewing The mandible is important for speech because it: - ✔✔1. houses lower teeth
- is framework for tongue and lower lip
Mandibular elevators - ✔✔1. Masseter
- Temporalis
- Medial pterygoid
- Lateral pterygoid Mandibular depressors - ✔✔1. Anterior belly of digastric
- Posterior belly of digastric
- Geniohyoid
- Mylohyoid Four parts of the tongue are: - ✔✔1. Tip
- Blade
- Dorsum
- Root Dopamine is an important... - ✔✔inhibitory neurotransmitter
Spinal Nerves carry motor information from the CNS to the and sensory information from peripheral receptors to the. - ✔✔muscles, CNS Spinal Nerves that are important with respiratory musculature: - ✔✔C3-C5 (these innervate the diaphragm) The Spinal Nerves of PNS control... - ✔✔activities that are carried out with little effort/knowledge Two parts of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) that have an indirect impact on speech: - ✔✔1. Sympathetic Branch: fight or flight response; increased heart rate, raises blood pressure, increased bloodflow
- Parasympathetic Branch: brings the body back into a state of relaxation The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of the: - ✔✔brain and spinal cord The brain stem includes these 3 structures: - ✔✔1. Midbrain
- Pons
- Medulla The midbrain houses these CN nuclei: - ✔✔IV (trochlear) and III (oculomotor) The pons houses these CN nuclei: - ✔✔V (trigeminal) and VII (facial) The medulla houses these CN nuclei: - ✔✔VIII (vestibulocochlear), IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), XI (accessory) and XII (hypoglossal) Fibers that originate in the cerebellum and cerebrum move downward through the to get to the spinal cord. - ✔✔Medulla At the level of the medulla, several pyramidal tracts from the left and the right to the other side. - ✔✔Decussate (cross over) The integrates motor impulses flowing out of the brain and sensory impulses flowing in. It lies within the brainstem's 3 structures. - ✔✔Reticular Activating System (RAS)
- putamen
- caudate nucleus Corpus striatum The , , and connect the brainstem and cerebellum. - ✔✔superior, middle, and inferior peduncles fibers travel through the inferior and middle peduncles. - ✔✔Afferent fibers travel through the superior cerebellar peduncle. - ✔✔Efferent Why is the cerebellum important for speech production? - ✔✔It helps coordinate and regulate neural activity, such as fine-motor control, balance and body posture, which are all needed for efficient speech production. Damage to the cerebellum results in what? - ✔✔Ataxia
The primary motor cortex is located in the and is located on the
. - ✔✔Frontal Lobe; precentral gyrus The primary motor cortex controls movements on the side of the body. - ✔✔opposite controls motor movements needed for speech production. - ✔✔Broca's Area The is located in the parietal lobe and controls somesthetic sensations such as pain, pressure, temperature, and touch. - ✔✔Postcentral gyrus Two areas in the parietal lobe important for speech and language are: - ✔✔supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus is in the temporal lobe and is important for language comprehension. - ✔✔Wernicke's Area
Lower motor neuron activity eventually results in muscular movement. Upper motor neurons: - ✔✔fibers in the CNS...so in the brain, above the brainstem The extrapyramidal system does what? - ✔✔transmits impulses that control postural support The basal ganglia is part of which system: pyramidal or extrapyramidal? - ✔✔Extrapyramidal Projection fibers: - ✔✔connections between the cortex and subcortical structures (cerebellum, BG, brainstem, and spinal cord) Association fibers: - ✔✔connections between areas in a hemisphere; keep communication going between the structures in a given hemisphere Arcuate fasciculus: - ✔✔Connects Broca's and Wernicke's Area. Important for verbal memory, language acquisition, and meaningful language.
Commissural fiber: - ✔✔connect the two hemispheres (corpus collasum) 3 protective layers of the brain are: - ✔✔1. dura mater (outermost)
- arachnoid
- pia mater (innermost) Veterbral arteries join to form the artery. - ✔✔Basliar Posterior cerebral arteries supply the: - ✔✔temporal and occipital lobs Two branches of the internal carotid artery: - ✔✔1. middle cerebral artery
- anterior cerebral artery The middle cerebral artery supplies the: - ✔✔frontal lobe and lateral surface of temporal and parietal lobes
