Download social psychology final | PSY 2533 - Social Psychology and more Quizzes Social Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!
social psychology
Social psychology is the scientific study of the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of individuals in social situations. TERM 2
proximal influences distal influences
DEFINITION 2 factors that exsist in the here and now or that immediately precede what the individual does. culture/upbringing can affect what your thinking/feeling/doing. or evolution can apply evolutionary theory to an understanding of human behavior example: understand ways in which nearly all humans behave similar and try to explain these commonalities in adaptation TERM 3
scientific method in social psychology (
goals)
DEFINITION 3 basic belief that there are consistencies that can be uncovered. science is an ongoing process measurement and description understanding and prediction application and control TERM 4
scientific investigation steps
DEFINITION 4 step 1- formulate a testable hypothesis hypothesis: a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables operational definition- describes the actions that will be made to measure or control a variable. -operational definitions establlish precisely what is meant by each variable in the context of the study. step 2- select the research method and design the study research methods: 1. systematic observation 2 naturalist observation 3 labaratory observation 4 archival 5 surveys step 3- collect the data step 4 design our study step 5 report the findings TERM 5
research methods (5)
DEFINITION 5 systematic observation: allows researchers to describe and predict behavior (doesnt show casualtiy) includes - can help best with just one person (detailed description of a particular individual under study or treatment naturalistic observation- used tp describe behaviors as it occurs in the natural environment (measure behaviors in a systematic way) -2 people observing:more information /more people recording what was going on and make sure people dont know your observign them laboratory observation: takes place in lab and psychologist has more control archival: analyzing social behaviors documented in past records -can be used to test theories about social behavior -make sure people dont know your observing them. surveyys: ask people directly about their experiences, attituteds, opinions and measure personality traits emotional states, aptitudes, interests, abilities, and values.
limitations of systematic observation
the observational method simplyy documents the rate or level of behavior. The accuracy of this method depends on... sampling method (who is observed) TERM 7
correlational studies
DEFINITION 7 c. experimental research (not a random assignment) correlation is the measure of how strongly two or more variables are related to each other. its used when cant control the variables to be measured -look at the degree of relationship ex: .2 =slight relation, .4= moderately strong, .6= higher/very strong. higher the level on one the higher the level on the other is positive and covariation is perfect +1. if higher on one and lower on other negative correlation -1. if no correlation = 0 example: magazing: quote statistics showing married people are happier than unmarried but are happier people may be more appealing to others and more likely to be married for that reason so it could be that happieness causes marriage rather than marriage causes happiness. TERM 8
the correlational method suffers from two
important problems
DEFINITION 8 1- the directionality problem 2- the third variable problem example: stong + correlation between weather and murder TERM 9
c. experimental research
DEFINITION 9 1- control group and experimental group 2 random assignmetn to groups 3 manipulation of the independent variable TERM 10
subjects/participants
DEFINITION 10 people or animals whose behavior is systematically observed in a study experimental= group exposed to the manipulation control= group not exposed to the manipulation
protecting participants
informed consent- provide some info on study before collecting data Debriefing- provide full info on study after collecting data use of deception- researchers withhold true purpose of the study TERM 17
ethical issues
DEFINITION 17 participants could be harmed (distressed/anxiety) participant could develop negative attitudes toward pschological research TERM 18
statistics
DEFINITION 18 statistical anayzes used to quantify strength of association between variables involves use of math, organize data, summarize, and interpret numerical data TERM 19
descriptive statistics
DEFINITION 19 -used to organize and summarize data -provide an overview of numerical data - to main components (central tendency:average and variance:range ex: on average people look like this use numbers TERM 20
central tendency
(median:middle)
DEFINITION 20 3 components to understanding the typical or average score -median: middle number -mean:average -mode:most occuring example: talking about line people up person in middle (median) 20 people take ten all and average then 19 person= middle
variance
how much the scores in the data set vary from each other and the mean TERM 22
standard deviation
DEFINITION 22 index of the amount of variablitlity in a set of data example: no specific range(bigger the number the bigger the variability) one class SD= 1 narrower range another variability SD 10 greater bigger range of heights TERM 23
inferential statistics
DEFINITION 23 used to evaluate the probability that results might be due to chance ex: men/women: men significanlly taller than women use inferential statistics did we find by chance or general pop? TERM 24
statistical significance
DEFINITION 24 when law probability that observed finding are due to chance very low usually means less than 5 chances in 100 TERM 25
which question involves a distal
factor
DEFINITION 25 do individualists cultures value financial success more tahn collectivist cultures (distal experiencign growing up)
edmund and 6 packs
pics to see how well other recognized faces various countries surveyed over 90% except new guinea anger- new guinea/us: not recognized as well happy- most universally recognized most of teh universal facial expressions are negative four out six of them anger- is especially easy to identify (biological imperative to recognize) TERM 32
variety in expressions
DEFINITION 32 varying levels of intensity (ex: angry or really angry) TERM 33
combos of expressions
DEFINITION 33 shock- disgust and surprise horror- fear and surprise contempt- anger and disgust bitterness- anger and sadness revulsion- fear and disgust dismay- sadness and surprise TERM 34
social perception
DEFINITION 34 two basic tests in social perception : determine stable causes of behavior (link cause internal or external) causual attribution- cause of behavior -process by which we explain our own and others behaviors -link behavior to an internal or external cause why is attribution important: -predicts and control the environment -determines our feeling, attitudes, and behaviors -attributions for past events affect expectations in the future (example if study hard i got an a so next time your like i studied hard and got an a so im studying hard again) (this can affect a persons mood: ask on a date they say no thanks i have a cold. you think of many reasons as to why they didnt go with you are they lying? can make you feel sad) TERM 35
personal attributions
DEFINITION 35 about person the cause fo the behavior is... also called internal or dispositional (temporment)attributions
situational attribution
about the situation also called external TERM 37
covariation theory
DEFINITION 37 idea that we should attibute behavior to potential causes that co occur (causes behavior) with behavior (ex: put a jacket on temp makes you cold. try to determine what causes internal external of person in question or aplicable to nearly everyone covery with obs or effet tyring to explain (3 types of info) : consensus, consistency, distinctiveness TERM 38
consensus
DEFINITION 38 consensus: do most other people act the sam eway as this person in this situation? -high consensus: (situational attribution:) alot of people act htlis way (there all cool we all like it) -low consensus: (personal attribution): not many people like this (maybe their different TERM 39
consistency
DEFINITION 39 what an individual does in a given situation on different occasions (does this person respond the same way to same stimuli at different times) high consistency: personal attribution low consistency: situational attribution TERM 40
which three make these: 1 internal personal 2
external situational
DEFINITION 40 1 internal personal = low consensus +high consistency+ low distinctiveness 2 external situational= high consensus +high consistency+ high distinctiveness
noncommon effects
when behavior or outcome has only one explanation attribute to personal characteristics ex: crush on someone ex won tickets to a pop band ask so other to go with you they if otehr peson goes you dont know if someone is goin bc they like you or bc they want to see band -when outcomes desirable, attribution less clear ex: two tickets to see band otehr person doesnt even know who they are but they say yes then more than likely that they like you TERM 47
social desirablility
DEFINITION 47 if behavior constrained by social roles not informative about underlying disposition (social role doesnt tell about their dispositon: personality trait) ex: teachers dress like teachers doesnt say anything baout personality -if wearing concert shirt/mohawk you make inference about personality -if behavior that is out of rol can usually be used to infer disposition TERM 48
fundamental attribution error
DEFINITION 48 looking at personality of actor: -when explaining behavior of others we tend to: overestimate the role of personal factors and underestimate the impact of situations -the failure to recognize the importance of situational influences on behavior, together with tendency to overemphasize importance of dispositions or traits example: psychologist call internal factors disposition that is beliefs, values, personality traits, or abilities, real or imagined. people tend to think this is cause of behavior for example seeing a stranger in street behave angry we may assume their aggressive. people should look for situtional factors that might be affectign behavior before assuming that person has dispositions that make behavior. TERM 49
reasons for fundamental attribution error
DEFINITION 49 making attributions is a two step process 1 make quick personal attribution based on info- doesnt involve alot of thought 2- adjust attribution based on situation info- requires more effort to stop and think about situation TERM 50
actor observer effect
DEFINITION 50 actors overemphasize the situation in explaining their own ehavior -observers overemphasize personality in explaining others behaviors ex: georg sweating bc he ate spicy chicken boss thinks he is lying bc hes sweating but its the chicken focus on person and not the situation -2 explanations of this: 1 information: have access to different info when actor vs observor 2 attention: actor vs observor have diff info salient (actor pays attention to other things than observor)
quiz:jamie watches how his friends react ot a
performer at a comedy club. if he is paing
attention too how many of them laugh hes
focusing on
consensus TERM 52
social cognition
DEFINITION 52 generalized knowled about physical and social world and how to behave in particular situations and with different kinds of people. TERM 53
shemas
DEFINITION 53 mental framework built around a specific theme (organized social info) types of shemas: -person:shemas about people ex: nerd jock party girl -role- shema relating to specific roles - event (script) indicates typical sequence of events shemas exert influence at three key points: 1 attention 2 encoding 3 retrieval TERM 54
attention
DEFINITION 54 -shema filter irrelavant info -if irrelavent info is so extreme or unusual it should be considered, it is. TERM 55
encoding
DEFINITION 55 -what is stored in memory -when a shema is fully formed, consistent info is usually given greater weight in info processing and is more likely to be put into memory. -(salient inconsistent info is sometimes considered carefully)
