Download Psychology Terms: Hindsight Bias, Theory, Hypothesis, Variables, etc. and more Quizzes Social Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!
Hindsight Bias
The tendency to exaggerate, AFTER learning an outcome, one's ability to have foreseen how something turned out (also known as the "I knew-it-all-along-phenomenon". TERM 2
Theory
DEFINITION 2 An integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events. TERM 3
Hypothesis
DEFINITION 3 A testable proposition that describes a relationship that may exist between events. TERM 4
Independent Variable
DEFINITION 4 The experimental factor that a researcher manipulates. TERM 5
Dependent Variable
DEFINITION 5 The dependent variable is the variable being measured, so called because it may depend on manipulations of the independent variable.
Illusion of Transparency
The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others. TERM 7
Spotlight Effect
DEFINITION 7 The belief that others are paying more attention to one's appearance and behavior than they really are. TERM 8
Self-Reference Effect
DEFINITION 8 The tendency to process effeciently and remember well information related to one's self. TERM 9
Individualism
DEFINITION 9 The concept of giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identification. TERM 10
Collectivism
DEFINITION 10 Giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly.
False Uniqueness Effect
The tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's abilities and one's desirable or successful behaviors. TERM 17
Priming
DEFINITION 17 Activating particular associations in memory TERM 18
Belief Perseverance
DEFINITION 18 Persistence of one's initial conceptions, as when the basis for one's belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives. TERM 19
Overconfidence Phenomenon
DEFINITION 19 The tendency to be more confident than correct-to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs. TERM 20
Confirmation Bias
DEFINITION 20 A tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions.
Representativeness Heuristic
The tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling (representing) a typical member TERM 22
Availability Heuristic
DEFINITION 22 A cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory. If instances of something come readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace. TERM 23
Couterfactual
Thinking
DEFINITION 23 Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened but didn't. TERM 24
Illusion of Control
DEFINITION 24 Perception of uncontrollable events as subject to one's control or as more controllable than they are. TERM 25
Regression Toward the Average
DEFINITION 25 The statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to return toward one's average.
Self-Perception Theory
The theory that when we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them much as we would someone observing us, by looking at our behavior and circumstances under which it occurs. (Self- perception theory (SPT) is an account of attitude change developed by psychologist Daryl Bem It asserts that we develop our attitudes by observing our behavior and concluding what attitudes must have caused them. ) TERM 32
Overjustification Effect
DEFINITION 32 The result of bribing people to do what they already like doing; they may then see their actions as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing TERM 33
Sleeper Effect
DEFINITION 33 A delayed impact of a message that occurs when an initially discounted message becomes effective, as we remember the message but forget the reason for discounting it. (The sleeper effect is a psychological phenomenon whereby a highly persuasive message, paired with a discounting cue, causes an individual to be more persuaded by the message (rather than less persuaded) over time.) TERM 34
Attitude
Inoculation
DEFINITION 34 Exposing people to weak attacks upon their attitudes so that they will have refutations available when stronger attacks come. TERM 35
Evaluation
Apprehension
DEFINITION 35 Concern for how others are evaluating us.
Social Loafing
The tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable. TERM 37
Deindividuation
DEFINITION 37 Loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension; occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad. TERM 38
Group
Polarization
DEFINITION 38 (Group-produced enhancement of member's preexisting tendencies; a strengthening of the member's average tendency, not a split withen the group.) Group polarization is the tendency of people to make decisions that are more extreme when they are in a group, as opposed to a decision made alone or independently. TERM 39
Pluralistic Ignorance
DEFINITION 39 A false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling, or how they are responding. TERM 40
Prejudice
DEFINITION 40 A preconveived negative judgement of a group and its individual members.
Displacement
The redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of the frustration. Generally, the new target is a safer or more socially acceptable target. TERM 47
Relative Deprivation
DEFINITION 47 The perception that one is less well-off than others with whom one compares oneself. TERM 48
Social Learning Theory
DEFINITION 48 The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded and punished. TERM 49
Catharsis
DEFINITION 49 Emotional release. The catharsis view of aggression is that aggresive drive is reduced when one 'releases' aggressive energy, either by acting aggressively or by fantasizing aggression. TERM 50
Mere Exposure Effect
DEFINITION 50 The tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more or rated more positively after the rater has been repeatedly exposed to them.
Matching Phenomenon
The tendency for men and women to choose as partners those who are a 'good match' in attractiveness and other traits. TERM 52
Physical Attractiveness Stereotype
DEFINITION 52 The presumption that physically attractive people possess other socially desirable traits as well: What is beautiful is good. TERM 53
Reward Theory of Attraction
DEFINITION 53 The theory that we like those whose behavior is rewarding to us or whom we associate with rewarding events. TERM 54
Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
DEFINITION 54 Arousal X its label = Emotion (The two factor theory of emotion is a social psychology theory that views emotion as having two components (factors): physiological arousal and cognition. ) TERM 55
Disclosure Reciprocity
DEFINITION 55 The tendency for one person's intimacy of self-disclosure to match that of a conversational partner.
