Download Sociology Test #1 | SOC - Social Movement/Social Change and more Quizzes Social change in PDF only on Docsity!
What is Sociology?
-the systematic study of society and social interaction-was developed as a way to study and try to understand the changes to society brought on by the Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries TERM 2
What does it mean to develop a social
imagination?
DEFINITION 2 -as how individuals understand their own and others pasts in relation to history and social structure -sociological lens or sociological perspective TERM 3
Comte
DEFINITION 3 -named the scientific study of social patterns positivism- believed that using scientific methods to reveal the laws by which societies and individuals interact would usher in a new positivist age of history. TERM 4
Durkheim
DEFINITION 4 -laid out his theory on how societies transformed from a primitive state into a capitalist, industrial society. -people rise to their proper level in society based on merit.- sociologists could study objective social facts -He also believed that through such studies it would be possible to determine if a society was healthy or pathological. TERM 5
Weber
DEFINITION 5 -believed that it was difficult to use standard scientific methods to accurately predict the behavior of groups as people hoped to do.- verstehen ,-proposed a philosophy of antipositivism
Macro-sociological
macro-level , are attempts to explain large-scale relationships and answer fundamental questions such as why societies form and why they change. These theories tend to be abstract and can be difficult if not impossible to test empirically TERM 7
Micro-sociological
DEFINITION 7 Micro-level theories are at the other end of the scale and cover very specific relationships between individuals or small groups. They are dependent on their context and are more concrete. This means they are more scientifically testable. TERM 8
What is structural functionalism?
DEFINITION 8 -How each part of society functions together to contribute to the whole-macro level TERM 9
Manifest (structural functionalism)
DEFINITION 9 -the consequences of a social process that are sought or anticipated-A manifest function of college education, for example, includes gaining knowledge, preparing for a career, and finding a good job that utilizes that education. TERM 10
Latent (structural functionalism)
DEFINITION 10 -are the unsought consequences of a social process.-Latent functions of your college years include meeting new people, participating in extracurricular activities, or even finding a spouse or partner-Another latent function of education is creating a hierarchy of employment based on the level of education attained. -Latent functions can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful
What is interpretive research?
-seeks in depth understanding of a topic through observation or interaction-not based on hypothesis testing TERM 17
What is reliability in research?
DEFINITION 17 -a measure of a study's consistency that considers how likely results are to be replicated if a study is reproduced TERM 18
What is validity in
research?
DEFINITION 18 -the degree to which a sociological measure accurately reflects the topic of study TERM 19
Sample vs. Population
DEFINITION 19 -sample=small & manageable number of subjects that represent the population -population= a defined group serving as the subject of study TERM 20
What is operationalizing a variable?
DEFINITION 20 -By operationalizing a variable of the concept, all researchers can collect data in a systematic or replicable manner
Independent variables
-causes change in the dependent variable TERM 22
Dependent variables
DEFINITION 22 -changed by other variables TERM 23
How is causation different from
correlation?
DEFINITION 23 correlation= when a change in one variable coincides with a change in another variable, but doesn't indicate caussation TERM 24
Key features of
experiments-
DEFINITION 24 investigate relationships to test a hypothesisa scientific approach- lab setting=controlled research (more data in short time period)- field-based experiment=not controlled, but the information might be considered more accurate -selects a set of people with similar characteristics, such as age, class, race, or education.-One is the experimental group and the other is the control group. TERM 25
Key features of
surveys-
DEFINITION 25 -collects data from subjects who respond to a series of questions about behaviors and opinions-questionnaire. -most widely used scientific research methods-The standard survey format allows individuals a level of anonymity in which they can express personal ideas.
Quantitative data-
Quantitative sociology uses statistical methods such as surveys with large numbers of participants. Researchers analyze data using statistical techniques to see if they can uncover patterns of human behavior. TERM 32
Quantitative data-
DEFINITION 32 Qualitative sociology seeks to understand human behavior by learning about it through in-depth interviews, focus groups, and analysis of content sources (like books, magazines, journals, and popular media). TERM 33
What is culture?
DEFINITION 33 A culture includes the groups shared practices, values, and beliefs TERM 34
High culture-
DEFINITION 34 -highest class segments of a society-horseback racing vs NASCAR-theater TERM 35
Popular culture-
DEFINITION 35 mainstream societyex: parade, game, TV show, music- Beyonce
How is culture different from society?
-A society is a group of people whose members interact, reside in a definable area, and share a culture-ex: neighborhood TERM 37
Material culture-
DEFINITION 37 -objects/belongings to a group of people -stores, cars, bus tokens, worship grounds TERM 38
Nonmaterial culture-
DEFINITION 38 -Consists of the ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a society -ex: school is material, but how teachers teach is nonmaterial- TERM 39
What are cultural universals?
DEFINITION 39 -patterns/traits that are globally common to societiesex: Asians all live together TERM 40
What is a sub culture?
DEFINITION 40 -smaller cultural group within a larger culture-apart of large culture, but also apart of their own smaller culture
What is globalization?
-world markets TERM 47
Marx
DEFINITION 47 -German philosopher and economist-Marx rejected Comte's positivism-believed that societies grew and changed as a result of the struggles of different social classes over the means of production.-Capitalism, an economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of goods and the means to produce them, grew in many nations.-Marx predicted that inequalities of capitalism would become so extreme that workers would eventually revolt-Marx believed that communism was a more equitable system than capitalism. TERM 48
values:
DEFINITION 48 what is good and just in society-portray ideal culture - standards to live up to TERM 49
beliefs
DEFINITION 49 ex: American Dream(if anyone works hard enough, they will be well off) TERM 50
norms
DEFINITION 50 how to behave in accordance that is defined as good, right, and important
mores
-are norms that embody the moral views of a group-legally protectsEX: murder considered immoral (punishable by law) TERM 52
folkways
DEFINITION 52 norms with out any moral underpinnings (appropriate behavior for that culture)Ex: shaking hands, kiss on cheek
