Bio 45 midterm

Version A

1. AZT, the first effective drug against HIV, works by

a. Blocking the action of reverse transcriptase

b. Inactivating protease

c. Dissolving the virus envelope

d. Being incorporated into DNA by reverse

transcriptase

e. Killing HIV infected cells

2. AZT has the following limitations

a. Toxic side effects

b. Viral resistance to AZT

c. Anemia develops in individuals taking azt

d. Inability to halt progression to aids

e. All the of the above

3. an ELISA test is used to screen patients for

a. the number of HIV virus particles

b. specific antibodies for HIV

c. HIV core proteins

d. T helper lymphocytes

e. HIV genes

4. HIV 1 and HIV 2 are most closely related to which of the

following viruses?

a. SIVchimps & SIV gorilla

b. SIV macaques & SIV chimp

c. SIV gorilla & SIV lemur

d. SIV chimp and SIV sooty mangebey

e. SIV sooty mangebey and SIV macque

5. Individuals who are infected with HIV but do not show any

signs of the disease are

a. Immune

b. Asymptotic

c. Asymptomatic

d. Unresponsive

e. Sympathetic

6. Clinical AIDS is characterized by the following except:

a. Opportunistic infection

b. Sterility (not able to produce offspring)

c. Cancers

d. Weight loss

e. Mental impairment

7. The class of anti-HIV/AIDS drug that specifically prevents the

conversion of immature virus particles to mature ones are called:

a. AXT

b. NRTIs (nucleoside analogs)

c. NNRTIs (non-nucleoside analogs)

d. Integrase inhibitors

e. Protease inhibitors

8. HIV belongs to a family of

a. Pox viruses

b. Lentiviruses

c. Adenoviruses

d. Bacculo viruses

e. Herpes viruses

9. Early immune failure in HIV/AIDS can result in:

a. Lymphoma

b. Shingles

c. Lupus

d. Pneumocystis

e. TB

10. Typically, when an individual is infected with HIV, after the

asymptomatic period the initial disease symptoms can include

all of the following EXCEPT:

a. Lymphadenopathy

b. Wasting syndrome

c. Lymphoma

d. Neurological disease

e. Fever/night sweats

11. HIV infection leads to encephalopathy because of the

inflammation in the brain caused by:

a. Influx of immune system cells fighting HIV

b. HIV infection of neurons and nerves

c. Infected cells releasing highly active molecules

d. A and B

e. A and C

12. Opportunistic infections seen in clinical AIDS do NOT

include:

a. Cytomegalovirus

b. Mycobacterium

c. Cryptosporidium

d. Hepatitis

e. Toxoplasma

13. The following are limitations of highly active antiretroviral

therapy (HAART) EXCEPT:

a. Ineffectiveness of combination therapy in some

individuals

b. Cost

c. Uncertainty about the duration of effectiveness

d. Drug side effects

e. Ease in maintaining treatment schedules

14. HIV can be transmitted in the following mode

a. Casual contact

b. Insect bites

c. Sexual contact

d. A and B

e. A and C

15. Epidemiology provides the following information about a

particular disease EXCEPT:

a. Can identify a new disease

b. Identify factors that may lead to behaviors that

lower the risk of contracting a disease

c. Guide public health measures

d. Predict disease course in an individual

e. Identify possible causes

16. The largest risk group for HIV/AIDS in the US are:

a. Homosexual/bisexual men

b. Heterosexual partners of infected

c. Infants born to infected mothers

d. Injection drug users

e. Hemophiliacs

17. which of the following is NOT true of Koch’s postulates:

a. the microorganism is always found in diseased

individuals

b. the microorganism can be isolated from a

diseased individual but not grown in culture

c. the pure microorganism can cause the disease when

introduced to susceptible individuals

d. the same microorganisms can be reisolated from

individuals from C

e. all of the above are true

18. Current problems with current HIV ELISA tests include:

a. False negatives

b. False positives

c. HIV ELISA is an inconclusive test for HIV

infection

d. Both A and B

e. HIV ELISA is an accurate test for HIV infection,

and has no problems

19. By the end of 2004, the cumulative number of AIDS cases

reported in the US since 1981 was approximately

a. 50,000

b. 95,000

c. 500,000

d. 950,000

e. 9,500,000

20. In order for HIV to infect a T-helper cell, the cell must

express ____ on its surface:

a. CD4

b. CD8

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Bio 45 midterm Version A

AZT, the first effective drug against HIV, works by a. Blocking the action of reverse transcriptase b. Inactivating protease c. Dissolving the virus envelope d. Being incorporated into DNA by reverse transcriptase e. Killing HIV infected cells
AZT has the following limitations a. Toxic side effects b. Viral resistance to AZT c. Anemia develops in individuals taking azt d. Inability to halt progression to aids e. All the of the above
an ELISA test is used to screen patients for a. the number of HIV virus particles b. specific antibodies for HIV c. HIV core proteins d. T helper lymphocytes e. HIV genes
HIV 1 and HIV 2 are most closely related to which of the following viruses? a. SIVchimps & SIV gorilla b. SIV macaques & SIV chimp c. SIV gorilla & SIV lemur d. SIV chimp and SIV sooty mangebey e. SIV sooty mangebey and SIV macque
Individuals who are infected with HIV but do not show any signs of the disease are a. Immune b. Asymptotic c. Asymptomatic d. Unresponsive e. Sympathetic
Clinical AIDS is characterized by the following except: a. Opportunistic infection b. Sterility (not able to produce offspring) c. Cancers d. Weight loss e. Mental impairment
The class of anti-HIV/AIDS drug that specifically prevents the conversion of immature virus particles to mature ones are called: a. AXT b. NRTIs (nucleoside analogs) c. NNRTIs (non-nucleoside analogs) d. Integrase inhibitors e. Protease inhibitors
HIV belongs to a family of a. Pox viruses b. Lentiviruses c. Adenoviruses d. Bacculo viruses e. Herpes viruses
Early immune failure in HIV/AIDS can result in: a. Lymphoma b. Shingles c. Lupus d. Pneumocystis e. TB
Typically, when an individual is infected with HIV, after the asymptomatic period the initial disease symptoms can include all of the following EXCEPT: a. Lymphadenopathy b. Wasting syndrome c. Lymphoma d. Neurological disease e. Fever/night sweats 11. HIV infection leads to encephalopathy because of the inflammation in the brain caused by: a. Influx of immune system cells fighting HIV b. HIV infection of neurons and nerves c. Infected cells releasing highly active molecules d. A and B e. A and C 12. Opportunistic infections seen in clinical AIDS do NOT include: a. Cytomegalovirus b. Mycobacterium c. Cryptosporidium d. Hepatitis e. Toxoplasma 13. The following are limitations of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) EXCEPT: a. Ineffectiveness of combination therapy in some individuals b. Cost c. Uncertainty about the duration of effectiveness d. Drug side effects e. Ease in maintaining treatment schedules 14. HIV can be transmitted in the following mode a. Casual contact b. Insect bites c. Sexual contact d. A and B e. A and C 15. Epidemiology provides the following information about a particular disease EXCEPT: a. Can identify a new disease b. Identify factors that may lead to behaviors that lower the risk of contracting a disease c. Guide public health measures d. Predict disease course in an individual e. Identify possible causes 16. The largest risk group for HIV/AIDS in the US are: a. Homosexual/bisexual men b. Heterosexual partners of infected c. Infants born to infected mothers d. Injection drug users e. Hemophiliacs 17. which of the following is NOT true of Koch’s postulates: a. the microorganism is always found in diseased individuals b. the microorganism can be isolated from a diseased individual but not grown in culture c. the pure microorganism can cause the disease when introduced to susceptible individuals d. the same microorganisms can be reisolated from individuals from C e. all of the above are true 18. Current problems with current HIV ELISA tests include: a. False negatives b. False positives c. HIV ELISA is an inconclusive test for HIV infection d. Both A and B e. HIV ELISA is an accurate test for HIV infection, and has no problems 19. By the end of 2004, the cumulative number of AIDS cases reported in the US since 1981 was approximately a. 50, b. 95, c. 500, d. 950, e. 9,500, 20. In order for HIV to infect a T-helper cell, the cell must express ____ on its surface: a. CD b. CD

c. A co-receptor d. A and b e. A and c

Endemic diseases: a. Are often present in populations at low levels b. Are often considered “childhood diseases” c. Are often present in populations at high levels d. A and b e. B and c
In the US from 1981 to 2004, which of the following groups accounted for 26% of the total AIDS cases (the second largest group)? a. Hemophiliacs b. Heterosexual transmission c. Intravenous Drug Users d. Homosexual males e. Homosexual Intravenous Drug Users
Which of these diseases was NOT a major ancient Old World epidemic? a. Polio b. Smallpox c. Plague d. Measles e. A and d
In the past decade, the largest numbers of increase in HIV infection have been occurring in: a. Northern Africa b. Southern Africa c. Eastern Europe d. Western Europe e. Southern Asia
Which of the following of Koch’s postulates do viruses fail to meet? a. the microbe is always found in a diseased individual b. The microbe can be isolated from the diseased individual grown in pure culture c. The microbe can induce disease in a susceptible individual d. The microbe can be isolated from the previously susceptible individual e. None of the above, viruses meet all of Koch’s postulates
Which of the following leukocytes (WBCs) specifically recognize and protect from foreign agents? a. Macrophages b. Eosinophils c. Neutrophils d. Lymphocytes e. All of the above
which of the following is true of T-helper cells a. they provide the 2nd^ activation signal for B lymphocytes b. they can divide independent of interleukin 2 (IL-2) c. they recognize antigen presenting cells (APCs) d. a and c e. a and b
Which of the following can NOT be classified as an antigen presenting cell? (APC) a. B lymphocyte b. Dendritic cell c. Macrophage d. T-killer cell e. None of the above, all are APC’s
Which of the following is true of T-killer cells? a. They target virus infected cells b. They are antigen presenting cells (APC) c. They are involved in tissue rejection (organ transplantation) d. All of the above e. A and c
Latency refers to a virus’ ability to: a. Stop replicating in an infected cell and re- establish infection at a later time b. Produce new infectious agents without being detected by the immune system c. Be completely cleared by the immune system d. Actively divide without the help of a host cell e. Invade the CNS
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding antibodies? a. Antibodies consist of 2 proteins, one heavy and one light chain b. Antigens bind to the constant region of the antibodies c. Macrophages recognize the constant region on antibodies d. Antibodies are constitutively expressed on the surface of T-lymphocytes e. Antibodies are considered part of cell-mediated immunity
Which of the following statements about mature B lymphocytes is FALSE? a. Each B lymphocyte makes only one antibody b. Each antibody is specific for a single antigen c. Each B lymphocyte is specific for one antigen d. All of the above are false e. None of the above are false
which of the following contribute to antibody diversity? a. Rearrangement of VDJ regions on heavy chains b. Random mutations in DNA c. Rearrangement of VJ regions on light chains d. A and c e. A, b, and c
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the secondary immune response? a. the levels of antibody rise but with a significant lag time b. the levels of antibody fall as they do in the primary immune response c. the antibodies bind antigen more tightly and efficiently d. all of the above e. none of the above
Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. T-helper cells recognize infected cells that are expressing antigen with MHC b. T-killer cells recognize antigen presenting cells (APCs) that are expressing antigen with MHCII c. T-killer cells are involved in both humoral and cell- mediated immunity d. All of the above e. None of the above
which of the following statements is TRUE of all viruses? a. They are obligate intracellular parasites b. They contain DNA as their genetic material c. They lack a system to protect their genetic material d. They contain genetic material for cellular processes such as protein synthesis and metabolism e. They can infect individuals through the outer dead layers of the skin
which of the following genes are found in all retroviruses? a. Gag, pol, rev b. Gag, pol, nef c. Gag, env, vif d. Gag, pol, env e. Gag, env, nef
which of the following is NOT in the virus infection cycle? a. Expression of viral genetic material b. Penetration into the cell and uncoating c. Adsorption or bind of the virus to the cell d. Assembly of new infectious virus e. None of the above

Solutions to Midterm Exam - Aids Fundamentals | Bio Sci 45, Exams of Biology

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