Download Anatomy and Functioning of the Human Brain and Nervous System: Terms and Definitions and more Quizzes Physiology in PDF only on Docsity!
Dura Mater
Outer most layer, forms the internal periosteon of he skull. - faix cerebelli- separates the right and left cerebellar hemispheres - faix cerebri- separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres - tentorium cerebelli- separates cerebrum from cerebellum TERM 2
Arachnoid Mater
DEFINITION 2 -spidery surrounds surface but does not go into grooves or depressions -subarachnoid space contains CFS TERM 3
Pia Mater
DEFINITION 3 Inner most layer following each groove, nourishing the brain TERM 4
Cerebrospinal Fluid
DEFINITION 4
- circulates in the sub arachnoid space - cushions, transports nutrients and wastes -choroid plexus- produces CSF - has ependymal calls to selectively take in materials - has permeable capillaries - Moves from arachnoid space -> ventricles -> central canal -> cauda equina TERM 5
Ventricles
DEFINITION 5 -Cavities of the brain containing CSF - 2 lateral which drain by the interventricular foramen into the 3rd ventricle - 3rd ventricle drains by the cerebral aqueduct into the 4th ventricle which is continuous with the spinal cord
Basic Functions of the Brain
- contains nerve centers associated with sensory functions - responsible for sensations and perceptions - gives commands to skeletal muscles - responsible for memory and reasoning - gives centers to coordinate TERM 7
Cerebrum
DEFINITION 7
- has 2 hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum (a bridge of nerve fibers) and separated by the longitudinal fissure - gyrus- ridges; sulcus- shallow grooves; fissure- deep grooves - has a gray surface with a white interior - Interprets sensory impulses from sense organs, initiates voluntary muscular movements, stores information as memory, uses memory in reasoning processes, determines ones intelligence TERM 8
Frontal lobe
DEFINITION 8 -anterior part of the brian - associated areas: involved in concentrating, planning & problem solving (all higher intelligence processes) - motor areas: controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles TERM 9
Temporal lobe
DEFINITION 9
- later part of brain - sensory areas: hearing - associated areas: interprets sensory experiences & helps remember visual scene TERM 10
Occipital lobe
DEFINITION 10
- posterior part of the brain - sensory areas: vision - associated areas: combines visual images with other sensory experiences
Broca's area
- left frontal lobe near primary motor cortex - produces coherent speech - damage here causes Broca's aphasia (can't produce grammatically correct language) TERM 17
Division between comprehension &
production
DEFINITION 17
- Wermick's aphasia can also have difficulty in production - Broca's aphasia can also have difficulty in understanding - Theory: Wermick's aphasia is responsible for individual words and Broca's is responsible for grammar TERM 18
Cerebral White Matter
DEFINITION 18
- commissural fibers: run side to side & connect gray matter - associated parts: within hemisphere, connect different parts of the same hemisphere - projection fibers - go downward from cerebrum to lower brain areas TERM 19
Basal nuclei
DEFINITION 19
- masses of gray matter deep within cerebral hemisphere - act as a relay station for motor impulses, starting in cerebral cortex & passing to brain stem & spinal cord - dopamine produced here controls motor activity - Caudat nucleus- maintains pattern of rhythm & movement - Amygdaloid nucleus- part of the limbic system - claustrum- focuses visual attention - tentiform- controls and adjusts muscle tone, putamen, glunulus pallis - corpus striatum- encloses tentiform & caudat nucleus TERM 20
Diencephalon
DEFINITION 20 Consists of - Epithalamus: has the pineal gland which controls day/night cycles via production of melatonin - Optic tract & chiasm - Thalamus - Hypothalamus
Thalamus
- sight where different impulses from all sense nerves & all body parts converge, sorts & sends to proper brain area - regulates emotion, mediates sensation & motor activities, cortical arousal, learning & memory - anterior nuclei: part of limbic system, relay information - medial nuclei: conscious awareness of emotional state - ventral nuclei: relays information to and from central nuclei & cerebral cortex TERM 22
Hypothalamus
DEFINITION 22
- maintains homeostasis - controls involuntary motor function & control of emotional states - controls autonomic nervous system & coordinates nervous and endocrine system - secretes hormones - produces emotional & basic drives - coordinates autonomic and voluntary activities - regulates body temperature and di-neural rhythms (sleep/wake) TERM 23
Limbic System
DEFINITION 23
- Part of the cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal nuclei - brings feelings of fear, anger, and pleasure; modifies actions & feelings - Interprets sensory impulses of smell TERM 24
Midbrain (Mesencephalon)
DEFINITION 24
- connects brainstem & spinal cord w/ higher areas - acts as a relay center - contains aqueducts that contain 3rd & 4th ventricles - cerebral peduncles: motor fibers of the corticospinal pathway sensory fibers that synapse sensory nuclei - red nucleus: highly vascularized; controls posture reflexes - Substantia Nigra: controls voluntary movement, produces dop. - Corpora Quadrigemina: - Superior Colliculi: receives visual input from thalamus - Inferior Colliculi: receives auditory input from medulla TERM 25
Pons
DEFINITION 25
- rounded bulge on the underside of the brain stem - separates midbrain from medulla - masses of gray matter & nerve fibers - relays impulses to & from the medulla & cerebrum - helps regulate depth of breathing
Cerebellum
- below cerebrum & posterior to brain stem - 2 hemispheres separated by faix cerebelli & connected by vermis - made of mostly white matter with a thin layer of gray (cerebellar cortex) - arbor vitae (tree of life) - tree-like pattern of white matter - communicates with other parts of CNS by tracts - center for integrating sensory info about the position of the body - coordinates muscle activities - maintains posture TERM 32
Olfactory Nerve
DEFINITION 32
- 1st cranial nerve - passes through the cribriform plate - sensory: smell - does not pass through the brain stem TERM 33
Optic Nerve
DEFINITION 33 -2nd cranial nerve - passes through optic foramina - sensory: vision TERM 34
Oculomotor Nerve
DEFINITION 34
- 3rd cranial nerve - motor: runs the eye muscle, raises eye lids; goes to involuntary muscle of the eye, controls amount of light (pupil size) & focuses lens TERM 35
Trochlear Nerve
DEFINITION 35
- 4th cranial nerve - smallest pair - motor: goes to superior oblique muscles of the eye
Trigeminal Nerve
- 5th and largest cranial nerve - ophthalmic branch: sensory impulses form eye, tear gland, skin of anterior scalp forehead and upper eyelid - maxillary branch: sensory from upper teeth, gum, lip & mucous lining of palate & skin of face - mandibular: -motor to muscles of mastication & some in the floor of the mouth - sensory from scalp behind ears, skin of jaw, lower teeth, gum & lip TERM 37
Abducens Nerve
DEFINITION 37
- 6th cranial nerve - comes from pons - motor: to lateral rectus eye muscles - TERM 38
Facial Nerve
DEFINITION 38
- 7th cranial - come from the pons - motor: to muscles of facial expression, stimulates tear & salivary glands - sensory: tastes receptors on anterior 2/3 on tongue TERM 39
Vestibulocochlear Nerve
DEFINITION 39
- 8th cranial nerve - sensory auditory nerve from medulla - vestibular: to inner ear, sensitive to changes in position of head - cochlear: to cochlea, interpreted as hearing TERM 40
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
DEFINITION 40
- 9th cranial nerve - motor: to wall of pharynx to help swallowing - sensory: from lining of pharynx to tonsils & posterior 1/2 port of tongue
Long-Term Memory
- takes place over large areas of cerebral cortex - Information is stored in both hemispheres - Results from repeated recall of new information - Some theorize with intense repetition one can actually establish a new nerve pathway
