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Anatomy and Functioning of the Human Brain and Nervous System: Terms and Definitions, Quizzes of Physiology

Definitions and terms related to the human brain and nervous system, including the cerebellum, cerebrum, ventricles, sleep waves, and various nerves. It covers the functions, structures, and connections of these components, offering valuable information for students of neuroscience, medicine, or related fields.

Typology: Quizzes

2009/2010

Uploaded on 11/17/2010

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TERM 1
Dura Mater
DEFINITION 1
Outer most layer, forms the internal periosteon of he skull. -
faix cerebelli- separates the right and left cerebellar
hemispheres - faix cerebri- separates the right and left
cerebral hemispheres - tentorium cerebelli- separates
cerebrum from cerebellum
TERM 2
Arachnoid Mater
DEFINITION 2
-spidery surrounds surface but does not go into grooves or
depressions -subarachnoid space contains CFS
TERM 3
Pia Mater
DEFINITION 3
Inner most layer following each groove, nourishing the brain
TERM 4
Cerebrospinal Fluid
DEFINITION 4
- circulates in the sub arachnoid space - cushions, transports
nutrients and wastes -choroid plexus- produces CSF - has
ependymal calls to selectively take in materials - has
permeable capillaries - Moves from arachnoid space ->
ventricles -> central canal -> cauda equina
TERM 5
Ventricles
DEFINITION 5
-Cavities of the brain containing CSF - 2 lateral which drain
by the interventricular foramen into the 3rd ventricle - 3rd
ventricle drains by the cerebral aqueduct into the 4th
ventricle which is continuous with the spinal cord
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Dura Mater

Outer most layer, forms the internal periosteon of he skull. - faix cerebelli- separates the right and left cerebellar hemispheres - faix cerebri- separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres - tentorium cerebelli- separates cerebrum from cerebellum TERM 2

Arachnoid Mater

DEFINITION 2 -spidery surrounds surface but does not go into grooves or depressions -subarachnoid space contains CFS TERM 3

Pia Mater

DEFINITION 3 Inner most layer following each groove, nourishing the brain TERM 4

Cerebrospinal Fluid

DEFINITION 4

  • circulates in the sub arachnoid space - cushions, transports nutrients and wastes -choroid plexus- produces CSF - has ependymal calls to selectively take in materials - has permeable capillaries - Moves from arachnoid space -> ventricles -> central canal -> cauda equina TERM 5

Ventricles

DEFINITION 5 -Cavities of the brain containing CSF - 2 lateral which drain by the interventricular foramen into the 3rd ventricle - 3rd ventricle drains by the cerebral aqueduct into the 4th ventricle which is continuous with the spinal cord

Basic Functions of the Brain

  • contains nerve centers associated with sensory functions - responsible for sensations and perceptions - gives commands to skeletal muscles - responsible for memory and reasoning - gives centers to coordinate TERM 7

Cerebrum

DEFINITION 7

  • has 2 hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum (a bridge of nerve fibers) and separated by the longitudinal fissure - gyrus- ridges; sulcus- shallow grooves; fissure- deep grooves - has a gray surface with a white interior - Interprets sensory impulses from sense organs, initiates voluntary muscular movements, stores information as memory, uses memory in reasoning processes, determines ones intelligence TERM 8

Frontal lobe

DEFINITION 8 -anterior part of the brian - associated areas: involved in concentrating, planning & problem solving (all higher intelligence processes) - motor areas: controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles TERM 9

Temporal lobe

DEFINITION 9

  • later part of brain - sensory areas: hearing - associated areas: interprets sensory experiences & helps remember visual scene TERM 10

Occipital lobe

DEFINITION 10

  • posterior part of the brain - sensory areas: vision - associated areas: combines visual images with other sensory experiences

Broca's area

  • left frontal lobe near primary motor cortex - produces coherent speech - damage here causes Broca's aphasia (can't produce grammatically correct language) TERM 17

Division between comprehension &

production

DEFINITION 17

  • Wermick's aphasia can also have difficulty in production - Broca's aphasia can also have difficulty in understanding - Theory: Wermick's aphasia is responsible for individual words and Broca's is responsible for grammar TERM 18

Cerebral White Matter

DEFINITION 18

  • commissural fibers: run side to side & connect gray matter - associated parts: within hemisphere, connect different parts of the same hemisphere - projection fibers - go downward from cerebrum to lower brain areas TERM 19

Basal nuclei

DEFINITION 19

  • masses of gray matter deep within cerebral hemisphere - act as a relay station for motor impulses, starting in cerebral cortex & passing to brain stem & spinal cord - dopamine produced here controls motor activity - Caudat nucleus- maintains pattern of rhythm & movement - Amygdaloid nucleus- part of the limbic system - claustrum- focuses visual attention - tentiform- controls and adjusts muscle tone, putamen, glunulus pallis - corpus striatum- encloses tentiform & caudat nucleus TERM 20

Diencephalon

DEFINITION 20 Consists of - Epithalamus: has the pineal gland which controls day/night cycles via production of melatonin - Optic tract & chiasm - Thalamus - Hypothalamus

Thalamus

  • sight where different impulses from all sense nerves & all body parts converge, sorts & sends to proper brain area - regulates emotion, mediates sensation & motor activities, cortical arousal, learning & memory - anterior nuclei: part of limbic system, relay information - medial nuclei: conscious awareness of emotional state - ventral nuclei: relays information to and from central nuclei & cerebral cortex TERM 22

Hypothalamus

DEFINITION 22

  • maintains homeostasis - controls involuntary motor function & control of emotional states - controls autonomic nervous system & coordinates nervous and endocrine system - secretes hormones - produces emotional & basic drives - coordinates autonomic and voluntary activities - regulates body temperature and di-neural rhythms (sleep/wake) TERM 23

Limbic System

DEFINITION 23

  • Part of the cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal nuclei - brings feelings of fear, anger, and pleasure; modifies actions & feelings - Interprets sensory impulses of smell TERM 24

Midbrain (Mesencephalon)

DEFINITION 24

  • connects brainstem & spinal cord w/ higher areas - acts as a relay center - contains aqueducts that contain 3rd & 4th ventricles - cerebral peduncles: motor fibers of the corticospinal pathway sensory fibers that synapse sensory nuclei - red nucleus: highly vascularized; controls posture reflexes - Substantia Nigra: controls voluntary movement, produces dop. - Corpora Quadrigemina: - Superior Colliculi: receives visual input from thalamus - Inferior Colliculi: receives auditory input from medulla TERM 25

Pons

DEFINITION 25

  • rounded bulge on the underside of the brain stem - separates midbrain from medulla - masses of gray matter & nerve fibers - relays impulses to & from the medulla & cerebrum - helps regulate depth of breathing

Cerebellum

  • below cerebrum & posterior to brain stem - 2 hemispheres separated by faix cerebelli & connected by vermis - made of mostly white matter with a thin layer of gray (cerebellar cortex) - arbor vitae (tree of life) - tree-like pattern of white matter - communicates with other parts of CNS by tracts - center for integrating sensory info about the position of the body - coordinates muscle activities - maintains posture TERM 32

Olfactory Nerve

DEFINITION 32

  • 1st cranial nerve - passes through the cribriform plate - sensory: smell - does not pass through the brain stem TERM 33

Optic Nerve

DEFINITION 33 -2nd cranial nerve - passes through optic foramina - sensory: vision TERM 34

Oculomotor Nerve

DEFINITION 34

  • 3rd cranial nerve - motor: runs the eye muscle, raises eye lids; goes to involuntary muscle of the eye, controls amount of light (pupil size) & focuses lens TERM 35

Trochlear Nerve

DEFINITION 35

  • 4th cranial nerve - smallest pair - motor: goes to superior oblique muscles of the eye

Trigeminal Nerve

  • 5th and largest cranial nerve - ophthalmic branch: sensory impulses form eye, tear gland, skin of anterior scalp forehead and upper eyelid - maxillary branch: sensory from upper teeth, gum, lip & mucous lining of palate & skin of face - mandibular: -motor to muscles of mastication & some in the floor of the mouth - sensory from scalp behind ears, skin of jaw, lower teeth, gum & lip TERM 37

Abducens Nerve

DEFINITION 37

  • 6th cranial nerve - comes from pons - motor: to lateral rectus eye muscles - TERM 38

Facial Nerve

DEFINITION 38

  • 7th cranial - come from the pons - motor: to muscles of facial expression, stimulates tear & salivary glands - sensory: tastes receptors on anterior 2/3 on tongue TERM 39

Vestibulocochlear Nerve

DEFINITION 39

  • 8th cranial nerve - sensory auditory nerve from medulla - vestibular: to inner ear, sensitive to changes in position of head - cochlear: to cochlea, interpreted as hearing TERM 40

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

DEFINITION 40

  • 9th cranial nerve - motor: to wall of pharynx to help swallowing - sensory: from lining of pharynx to tonsils & posterior 1/2 port of tongue

Long-Term Memory

  • takes place over large areas of cerebral cortex - Information is stored in both hemispheres - Results from repeated recall of new information - Some theorize with intense repetition one can actually establish a new nerve pathway