SPCE 611 MODULE 1-2 QUIZ LATEST 2024/2025 GRADED A+ (ANSWERED), Exams of Behavioural Science

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SPCE 611 MODULE 1- 2 QUIZ

LATEST 2024/2025 GRADED A+

(ANSWERED)

Measurement is the process of applying quantitative labels to observe properties of events using a standard set of rules measurement is how scientist operationalize empiricism without measurement-all 3 levels (description, prediction, and control) would be relegated to guesswork and subjective opinions ABA measure behavior to obtain answers to questions about the existence and nature of functional relations between socially significant behavior and environmental variables Practitioners measure behavior

before and after treatment to evaluate the overall effects of interventions and frequent measures of behavior during treatment to guide decisions concerning the continuation, modification, or termination of treatment without frequent measure of behavior targeted for intervention, practitioners may

1. continue to use an ineffective treatment when no real behavior change occurred or 2) discontinue an effective treatment because subjective judgement detects no improvement Measurement helps practitioners to optimize their effectiveness

• verify legitimacy of practices touted as EB
• identify treatments based on pseudoscience
• be accountable to clients, consumers, employers, and society and achieve ethical standards 3 deminsional quantities of behavior 1 repeatability (count) 2 temporal extent (duration) 3 temporal locus (when behaviors occur) count is the number of responses emitted during and observation period rate or frequency

is a measure of the number of response opportunities needed to achieve a predetermined level of performance topography form; refoers to the physical form or shape of a behavior magnitude refers to the force or intensity with which a response is emitted Event recording encompasses a wide variety of procedures for detecting and recording the number of times a behavior of interest is observed a variety of timing devices are used for measure duration, response latency and inter response time time sampling refers to a variety of methods for observing and recording behavior during intervals or at specific moments in time observers using whole interval recording divide the observation period into a series of equal time intervals. at the end of each interval, they record whether the target behavior occurred throughout the entire interval

observers using partial interval recording divide the observation period into series of equal time intervals. At the end of the each interval, the record whether behavior occurred at any point during the interval momentary time sampling divide the observation period into a series of time intervals. At the end of each interval, they record whether the target behavior is occurring at that specific moment. planned activity check (PLACHECK) is a variation of momentary time sampling in which the observer records whether each individual in a group is engaged in the target behavior measuring artifacts are common with time sampling measurement by permanent product measuring behavior after it has occurred by measuring its effects on the environment measurement of any behavior can be accomplished via contrived permanent product

an initial broad scope leading to an eventual narrow and constant focus behavioral assessment consists of 5 phases or function: 1 screening 2 defining and quantifying problems or goals 3 pinpointing the target behaviors to be treated 4 monitoring progress 5 following up before conducting a behavioral assessment, the behavior analysts must determine.. whether he has the authority and permission, resources and skills to assess and change the behavior 4 major methods for obtaining assessment information are

• interviews
• checklists
• tests
• direct observations client interview is used to determine... the clients description of problem behaviors or achievement goals. what, when, and where questions are emphasized, focusing on the actual behavior of the client and the responses of significant others to that behavior

anecdotal observation; ABC recording yeilds a descriptive, temporally sequenced account of all behaviors of interest and the antecedent conditions and consequences for those behaviors as those events occur in the clients natural enviornment ecological assessment entails gathering a large amount of information about the person and the environment in which that person lives and works. not usually necessary for aba programs reactivity the effects of an assessment procedure on the behavior being assess, is most likely when the person being observed is aware of the observers presence and purpose. target behaviors in aha must be socially significant behaviors that will increase a persons habilitation (adjustment, competence) prioritization can be accomplished by rating potential target behavior against key questions related to their relative danger, frequency, longstanding existence, potential for reinforcement, relevance for future skill development and independent functioning, reduced negative attention from others, likelihood of success and cost good target behavior definitions are necessary for practitioners to collect

1. assessing the performance of people judging to be highly competent and
2. experimentally manipulating different levels of performance to determine which produce optical results behavior is the activity of living organisms behavior is that portion of the organism ;s interaction with its environment that is characterized by detectable displacement in space through time of some part of the organism and that results in a measurable change in at least one aspect of the envvironment the term behavior is usually used in reference to a larger set or class of responses that share certain topographical dimensions or functions response refers to a specific instance of behavior response topography refers to the physical shape or form of behavior a response class is a

group of responses of varying topography, all of which produce the same effect on the environment repertoire can refer to all of the behaviors a person can do or to a set of behaviors relevant to a particular setting or task environment is the physical setting and circumstances in which the organism or referenced part of the organism exists stimulus is an energy change that affects and organism through its receptor cells the environment influences behavior primarily by stimulus change, not static stimulus conditions stimulus events can be described formally (by their physical features) temporally (by when they occur) functionally (by their effects on behavior)

an unconditioned stimulus (food) and the respondent behavior it elicits (salivation) conditioned reflexes are the product of respondent continuing a stimulus-stimulus pairing procedure in which a neutral stimulus is presented with an unconditioned stimulus until the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus tat elicits the conditioned response pairing a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus can produce a conditioned reflex a process called higher order (or secondary) respondent conditioning respondent extinction occurs when a conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stumbles until the conditioned stimulus no longer elicits the conditioned response operant behavior is selected by its consequence operant behavior can take a virtually unlimited range of form most stimulus changes that function as reinforcers or punishers can be described as either

1. a new stimulus added to then environment

2. an already present stimulus removed from the environment positive reinforcement occurs when a behavior followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior negative reinforcement occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the withdrawal of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior aversive stimulus is often used to refer to stimulus conditions whose termination functions as reinforcement extinction withholding all reinforcement for a previously reinforced behavior - produces a decrease in response frequency to the behaviors prereinforcment level positive punishment occurs when a behaviors is followed by the presentation of a stimulus that decreases the future frequency of the behavior negative punishment occurs when a behavior is