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EXAMPLE: School Counseling
Portfolio Part B: Comprehensive Study Guide: Final Submission SPCE 630: Research Methods for Behavior Analysis BACB 6th^ Edition Test Content Outline Items to Cover Changed to PRAXIS school counseling exam for example A.3. Understanding the purposes and theories of individual counseling and applies them appropriately A.4. Understanding the purposes and theories of group counseling and applies them appropriately A.9. Knows methods of gathering relevant data to assist in selecting appropriate lessons, interventions, and activities A.10. Is familiar with basic principles, interpretation, and psychometrics of measurement A.11. Understands how to select and appropriately implement direct services A.16. Knows the potential impact of cultural, social, and environmental influences on student test performance, accommodations, and interpretation B.1. Knows major theories regarding human development throughout the lifespan B.4 Knows major theories regarding personality and emotional development throughout the human life span B.5. Knows major theories regarding social and character development throughout the human life span B.6. Is familiar with major theories regarding family systems C.1. Understands and applies the current ASCA ethical standards for school counselors. C.8. Is familiar with the appropriate constitutional rights as they apply to educational settings C.9. Understanding the duty to warn and the difference between privileged communication and confidentiality
Outline In this section, provide a comprehensive outline for the BACB Test Content Outline items above. Cleary identify each area covered. You may only use content from this course. You may use your textbook, assigned articles, lectures, or instructional materials. You may not use content from outside of this course. Start outline here A.3. o Cognitive and behavioral theories focus on how an individuals thinks and behaves and how this may create maladaptive patterns and effect one’s emotional state. Additionally, third wave cbt adds in mindfulness to help with emotion regulation. o Counseling from these theories often involves homework to further implement strategies. o Roger’s person centered therapy, however, is client led and focuses on creating an environment for the client to succeed and self actualize. o Narrative theory and therapy focuses on how individuals interact with others and their mindset of situations. A.4. o Group counseling can help teacher larger groups of students skills and give them group support. This may allow them to feel seen by peers who are experiencing similar situations and changes to work on skills with each other. Additionally, social emotional learning groups may have children who are already skilled in those areas who can act as a model for other children. A.9. o Looking at past students scores, observations, interviews with the student, teacher, and parent are all strategies that can help an individual narrow down what interventions might be the most impactful. A.10. o This consists of being able to interpret graphs that document longitudinal data to show improvement based on intervention and data compared to normed curves. o This also involves being able to understand and discuss data in the form of z-, t-, scaled, and standard scores. It is also crucial to factor in how a clients culture and language use may effects these results. A.11. o When starting an intervention, it is key to look at what services you can provide and what the child needs. Sometimes, if large trends are present, this may mean starting a group counseling program over topics such as grief, social emotional
o There are also cognitive development theories that center around schema’s, which discuss how cognition develops as people age and their schema’s change/grow more complex. o There is also the popular Piaget theory which consists of 4 stages: sensorimotor Preoperational concrete operational formal operational o This, however, isn’t very flexible. Other theories, such as Bruners, have added in the flexibility with a focus on experiencing and learning. B.6. o As discussed in the assigned textbook chapter, legal guidelines are constantly changing and are crucial for a clinician to stay knowledgeable of. The most important of these are related to confidentiality and specifically its’ limits (duty to protect/warn, duty to report, and information being subpoenaed). Additionally, when working with minors it’s important to note that parents can legally request to be informed of what’s being talked about during sessions, which may cause additional ethical dilemmas. o Overall, it’s crucial to remind and ensure that the client understands confidentiality. o Consent to be treated is another important aspect. o With this, in most cases clients need to be fully informed about the voluntary nature, all the parts of treatment, and, when possible, have decisional competency. B.8. o As maintained by legal guidelines in the 14th^ amendment and due process clause, students have a right to access public education. Supreme court cases have also affirmed this as a property right for students. B.9. o As described by the textbook, the Duty to Warn involves the requirement of mental health professionals to inform property authorities if a client expresses and want to harm themselves or others. o While confidentiality focuses on a counselor’s duty to not share information, privileged communication relates to a client’s expectation that the information shared during counseling will not be shared with others.
Visual Support Provide 4 visual aid to enhance understanding of a complex topic (e.g., chart, diagram, table, illustration). You must complete this independently, and cannot use content that is available on the Internet. Insert visual supports here Diffusion Moratorium Foreclosure Achieved
for c. Least restrictive environment d. Children should have an active role in treatment planning when appropriate e. Mental health policy should be focused on prevention Correct Answer: E Rationale for correct answer : The school is taking a proactive stance and sharing resources/creating a positive environment that can help either minimize future problems or confront problems before they develop.
- Which of the situations below would NOT require you to break confidentiality? a. Your high school client states that they plan on causing harm to their younger sibling b. Your middle school client implies that his parents have refused to feed him for the past week because of his poor grades c. Your high school client tells you that that they met with friends and smoked weed last week and feel guilty about not telling their parents d. Your elementary aged client has been telling about their experience with their mom vs dad and, during the divorce trial, the judge subpoenas the files e. Your high school client informs you that they plan on self-harming Correct Answer : C Rationale for correct answer: Despite being illegal, the situation described in the answer does not fall into any of the duties to protect or report and is not a legal order. For the information described, there is also no indication that this could lead to harm to the adolescent.
- What best describes ethical guidelines a. Professional standards, often shared by groups like NASP, APA, and ACA, that do not necessarily correlate with laws b. Legally binding contract every psychologist and counselor signs once they get licensed c. Set of policies passed by congress that describe the ethical steps a counselor must take in situations d. A set of guidelines that a child counselor and the client’s parents discuss before sessions for the counselor to follow e. The rules in a school district that a school counselor, social worker, and psychologists have to follow
Correct Answer : A Rationale for correct answer : Ethical guidelines are standards that professionals should hold themselves to however are not legally bound to.
- 4 th^ grader, Suzy, meets with the school counselor to talk about her stress with classes. During this she mentions that she has been struggling to do her homework because her mom recently got evicted. When you suggested telling her mother about some resources, she said she’s scared her mom will get made at her. When looking at this ethical dilemma, which of the following factors does the school counselor NOT have consider? a. What the implications of her mom getting mad may be b. How Suzy’s developmental level impacts her understanding of the situation c. How Suzy feels about the school lunch d. How the described situation might help explain Suzy’s difficulties with completing homework e. None of the above, these factors can all be affected by this situation Correct Answer: E Rationale for Correct Answer: This is a very complicated situation that can have a lot of impacts of Suzy’s life. For instance, the school lunch may seem irrelevant, but housing insecurity may also be related to food insecurity
- 4 th^ grader, Suzy, meets with the school counselor to talk about her stress with classes. During this she mentions that she has been struggling to do her homework because her mom recently got evicted. When you suggested telling her mother about some resources, she said she’s scared her mom will get made at her. Currently, the school counselor is looking at the different ways they can act on this information and what impacts they might cause. What step within the Solutions to Ethical Problems in Schools model is the school counselor currently in? a. Apply morals b. Consult c. Understand the student’s age- both chronologically and developmentally d. Figure out plans and their consequences e. Understand the setting and the rights of the people involved
- Your working with a student who seems disengaged with school, regardless of being involved with choir, show choir, and being in the spring musical. When working with this student, he talks about how people have always told him he’s a good singer and some of his friends joined choir, so he joined as well. He dedicates almost all his time to these performing arts without trying other things he’s interested in, such a ceramics. Which of the four stages of identity formation does this student seem to be in? a. Trust vs mistrust b. Foreclosure c. Moratorium d. Initative vs guilt e. diffusion Correct Answer: B Rationale for correct answer: This student would most likely be in the forclosure stage as he has seemingly commited to being a singer without exploring other identity options.
- You are observing a pre-school classroom and see a student repeatedly rolling a toy car down a slope. The child seems to be rolling the car down slopes of different steepness and comparing how far the car goes. What theory of cognitive development most accurately describes this? a. Erikson’s theory b. Bruner’s theory c. Piaget’s cognative theory d. Observational learning e. Constructionvist theory Correct Answer: E Rationale for correct answer: It seems evident that the child is testing the steepness effect of car mobility in a way similar to a science experiment. This is along the lines of constructionvist theory as it believes that people learn through experimentation and trying to figure things out.
- Which of the following is not a pro of family therapy a. It can better help members within the family communicate with each other b. It can save time with appointments c. It cane help you develop a clearer understanding of problems with the family syst
d. It always an easier way to collect information because everyone is together e. It can provide important insights to how the family functions Correct Answer: D Rationale for correct answer: There might be pertinent information that clients, specifically teenagers, are unwilling to say around their parents.
- How does Rogerian person-centered therapy differ from cognitive and behavioral theories? a. It focuses on discuss how past relationships with your parents effect you now b. It focuses on challenging maladaptive thought patterns. c. It is therapist-directed and focuses on modifying behaviors. d. It is client-led and creates an environment for self-actualization. e. It uses strict homework assignments for clients to follow. Correct Answer: D Rationale for correct answer: Carl Roger’s therapeutic theory places a heavy emphasis on creating environments where the client can be their best self.
- What is a key component added by third-wave Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to help with emotion regulation? a. Client-centered feedback b. Mindfulness c. Hypnosis d. Unconditional positive regard e. EMDR Correct Answer: B Rationale for correct answer: Third wave CBT build onto first and second wave by adding the importance of emotional regulation and awareness.
- How can group counseling benefit children who are working on social-emotional skills? a. They can practice and reinforce skills with the support of peers who may be facing
a. All assessments should only be given in english b. Cultural and language factors do not impact the validity of assessments c. Assessments are always accurate regardless of the students culture and language d. Cultural and language factors can influence the accuracy and validity of assessment results e. The use of assessments is not influenced by any external factors like family background or culture Correct Answer: D Rationale for correct answer: A students experience with language and culture can effect how familiar they are with culturall latent tasks and how they comprehend the assessment. These can both effect the validity of the results
- What does reliability in program planning refer to? a. The effectiveness of the program in improving student outcomes b. The program’s ability to generate positive results c. The ability of the program to produce consistent results across different sessions and populations d. The alignment of the program with educational guidelines e. The level of parent and teacher satisfaction with the program Correct Answer: C Rationale for correct answer: Reliability focuses on is something is able to be replicated across different settting/with different people
- In program planning, why is it important to consider both validity and reliability? a. To ensure the program is cost-effective and sustainable b. To make sure the program consistently achieves its goals across different populations c. To focus solely on the academic outcomes of the program d. To ensure the program is the fastest option for students e. To prioritize individualized instruction over group activities Correct Answer: B
Rationale for correct answer: Reliability focuses on application in different settings and populations while validity looks at if what’s being effected and the process for it is what is actually happening
- H ow can looking at past student scores help in selecting the most effective intervention? a. It provides insight into the student’s academic strengths and areas needing improvement b. It helps determine how much homework the student should receive c. It guarantees that the student will pass future tests d. It gives insight into the student’s social interactions e. It identifies the student’s extracurricular interests Correct Answer: A Rationale for correct answer: Looking at past test scores can show the areas a student had difficulty with. This information can then be used to help design supports and acommidations for the student.
- What is the primary purpose of interpreting longitudinal data when assessing the effectiveness of an intervention? a. To compare the client’s performance against national averages b. To track the client’s progress and improvement over time c. To analyze the client’s behavior in different classroom settings d. To determine the cost-effectiveness of the intervention e. To calculate the student’s GIA and FSIQ Correct Answer: B Rationale for correct answer: Longitudinal research focuses on showing changes in data over time, which can be particuraly helpful when looking at the effectiveness of interventions.
