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St Petersburg College Florida
Statistics (Stat 2023) Exam
Quiz Module 6
Course Title and Number: Statistics (Stat 2023) Quiz module 5 Exam Title: [Insert Exam Title] Exam Date: [Insert Exam Date] Instructor: [Insert Instructorโs Name] Student Name: [Insert Studentโs Name] Student ID: [Insert Student ID]
Examination
180 minutes
Instructions:
**1. Read each question carefully.
- Answer all questions.
- Use the provided answer sheet to mark your** **responses.
- Ensure all answers are final before submitting the** exam. Good Luck!
Statistics (Stat 2023) Exam
Quiz Module 6
Information, especially numerical information. Usually organized for analysis. - Answer>> Data The sum of a set of numbers divided by the number of elements in the set. (A type of average) - Answer>> Mean The middle number in a data set when data is arranged from least to greatest; if the data set has an even number of items, find the mean of the two middle numbers. - Answer>> Median The most frequently occurring number(s) or item(s) in a data set. - Answer>> Mode The difference between the highest and lowest value in a data set. - Answer>> Range The science of collecting, organizing, representing, and interpreting data. - Answer>> Statistics Also known as a line plot. A diagram showing frequency of data on a number line. - Answer>> Dot Plot A bar graph in which the labels for the bars are numerical intervals. - Answer>> Histogram A value indicating the most typical representation of the data set; the average. - Answer>> Measure of Center A table that shows how many there are of each type of data. - Answer>> Distribution A place on a graph where no data values are present. - Answer>> Gap A measure that describes how spread out or scattered a set of data is. - Answer>> Measure of Variability
A variability or spread in a variable or a probability distribution. Common examples of measures of statistical dispersion are the variance, standard deviation, and interquartile range. - Answer>> Statistical Variability potential explanations for our observations - Answer>> hypotheses often describe cause-and effect relationships - Answer>> hypotheses Our __________ in science is to understand the causes of observable phenomena - Answer>> goal ______________________ are the data that you collect - Answer>> observations where do hypotheses come from? - Answer>> scientific literature, theoretical models, intuition hypotheses must be __________________ - Answer>> testable hypotheses generate ___________________ to be tested - Answer>> predictions collect information that causes us to modify, reject, or confirm our _________________ - Answer>> hypothesis Ideally the predictions would be _____________ to the hypothesis and cannot be explained by other hypotheses. - Answer>> unique
We should be able to run additional experiments or observations to ________ our hypotheses. - Answer>> test statistical hypothesis occurs after new ________________________ - Answer>> observation statistical hypothesis testing step 1: develop __________ and __________________ ____________________ - Answer>> null, alternative hypotheses statistical hypothesis testing step 2: calculate a ________ _________________ - Answer>> test statistic statistical hypothesis testing step 3: convert the test statistic to a ______ ____________ - Answer>> p value statistical hypothesis testing step 4: draw a ________________________ - Answer>> conclusion A hypothesis of no pattern or no difference. - Answer>> null hypothesis, H A contradiction to the cause-and-effect relationship posited. - Answer>> null hypothesis NO difference between groups or between two continuous variables. - Answer>> null hypothesis
critical p-value - Answer>> alpha _________ variation among individuals = ___________ p- value - Answer>> less, smaller more samples = _____________ p-value - Answer>> lower ______________ difference in means = ____________ p- value - Answer>> larger, smaller Statistical significance should not be __________________ with practical significance. - Answer>> confused ____________________ of the system along with significance testing should guide decision making. - Answer>> Knowledge errors in hypothesis testing.. ______________ is a key component of statistics - Answer>> uncertainty errors in hypothesis testing.. in reality, hypotheses are either ________ or _______ - Answer>> true, false errors in hypothesis testing.. we have our data and statistical methods to tell us whether or not we should ____________ the null hypothesis - Answer>> reject rejecting null hypothesis when it is true - Answer>> type I error
failing to reject null hypothesis when it is false - Answer>> type II error the probability of committing a Type I error is denoted by ___ - Answer>> a calculating a statistical p-value is an __________________ ___ - Answer>> estimation a a Type I error is called a ___________ ______________ - Answer>> false positive a p value is the _____________________ of making a type two 1 error. want a very small p-value - Answer>> probability The probability of committing a ____________ ________ error is denoted by ฮฒ. - Answer>> Type II A Type II error is called a ___________ ____________________ - Answer>> false negative A concept closely related to Type II error is ____________________ ___________. - Answer>> statistical power ____________________ ___________ is the probability of correctly rejecting a null hypothesis when it is false. - Answer>> statistical power calculated as 1-ฮฒ. The complement of type 2 error - Answer>> statistical power statistical power..
The probability of committing a _________ ____ error is rarely calculated, discussed or reported. it is an error of ignorance - Answer>> type 2 the probability of committing a _________ ___ error (alpha) is used to make statistical decisions - Answer>> type I need to completely specify the ______________________ hypothesis to calculate type II error (beta) - Answer>> alternative ___________ _____ error is a graver mistake - Answer>> type I ___________ ______ errors in applied science can be more dangerous, saying nothing is going on (i.e., a species is not declining or there is not a dangerous level of chemicals in the water) can have dangerous repercussions. - Answer>> type II For the following statistical test, indicate 'Yes' if the test requires the Y variable (dependent variable) to be continuous and normally distributed. Indicate 'No' if this assumption does not need to be met: Student's independent t-test Y/N - Answer>> yes For the following statistical test, indicate 'Yes' if the test requires the Y variable to be continuous and normally distributed. Indicate 'No' if this assumption does not need to be met: Wilcoxon Rank-sum test Y/N - Answer>> no
For the following statistical test, indicate 'Yes' if the test requires the Y variable to be continuous and normally distributed. Indicate 'No' if this assumption does not need to be met: Paired t-test Y/N - Answer>> yes For the following statistical test, indicate 'Yes' if the test requires the Y variable to be continuous and normally distributed. Indicate 'No' if this assumption does not need to be met: ANOVA Y/N - Answer>> yes For the following statistical test, indicate 'Yes' if the test requires the Y variable to be continuous and normally distributed. Indicate 'No' if this assumption does not need to be met: Spearman Correlation Y/N - Answer>> no For the following statistical test, indicate 'Yes' if the test requires the Y variable to be continuous and normally distributed. Indicate 'No' if this assumption does not need to be met: Pearson Correlation Y/N - Answer>> yes For the following statistical test, indicate 'Yes' if the test requires the Y variable to be continuous and normally distributed. Indicate 'No' if this assumption does not need to be met: Chi-squared test Y/N - Answer>> no
D. State the hypothesis E. Reject or accept the hypothesis F. Data analysis G. Set level of significance (p value, alpha) - Answer>> Draw conclusions When drawing conclusion from research study results, which statement is true? A. Statistical significance is more important than clinical significance B. Clinical significance is more important than statistical significance C. Both statistical and clinical significance are important considerations. Are the results meaningful and practical? - Answer>> Both statistical and clinical significance are important considerations. Are the results meaningful and practical? Identify which statistical test is most appropriate: Comparing the Y variable mean between two groups A. Independent t-test B. Paired t-test - Answer>> independent t test Identify which statistical test is most appropriate: Comparing the Y variable mean before and after an intervention A. Paired t-test B. Independent t-test - Answer>> paired t-test Identify which statistical test is most appropriate: Comparing the Y variable mean across three different groups Group of answer choices
A. Paired t-test B. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) C. Independent t-test - Answer>> Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) A study was done to determine the effects of exercise intensity and exercise duration on swim performance. Alpha was set at 0.05. After completing data analysis, the results revealed that the main effect of exercise intensity P-value=0.01, the main effect of exercise duration P-value=0.30, and the interaction of exercise intensity x exercise duration P-value=0.08. Which statement is true about these results? A. The main effect of intensity is significant B. The interaction effect of intensity x duration is significant C. The main effect of duration is significant - Answer>> The main effect of duration is significant: not correct A study was done to determine if a 4-week novel strengthening program improved reaction speed among college soccer players. Reaction speed (in seconds) was measured in 20 soccer players at the start of the study (PRE) and four weeks later (POST). Reaction speed was normally distributed. The P-value for mean change in reaction speed from PRE to POST was P=0.01. Which is the appropriate statistic for this analysis? A. Paired t-test B. Student's (Independent, Individual) T-test - Answer>> paired t-test A study was done to determine which of three daily drills improved reaction speed among college soccer
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