STATUS OF CAPTIVE WILD ANIMASL AND BIRDS AT PESHAWAR
ZOO AND BAGH E NARAN
By
MUHAMMAD OMER
Student ID MC200403964
DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY
FACULTY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
VIRTUAL UNIVERSITY OF PAKISTAN
LAHORE, PAKISTAN
2022
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Status of captive animals at Peshawar Zoo and Bagh e Naran, Summaries of Biology
About wild captive animal present in Peshawar zoo.
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STATUS OF CAPTIVE WILD ANIMASL AND BIRDS AT PESHAWAR
ZOO AND BAGH E NARAN
By
MUHAMMAD OMER
Student ID MC
DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY
FACULTY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
VIRTUAL UNIVERSITY OF PAKISTAN
LAHORE, PAKISTAN
STATUS OF CAPTIVE WILD ANIMASLS AND BIRDS AT PESHAWAR
ZOO AND BAGH E NARAN
By
MUHAMMAD OMER
Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of requirement for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ZOOLOGY FACULTY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY VIRTUAL UNIVERSITY OF PAKISTAN LAHORE, PAKISTAN 2022 i
To The Controller of Examinations, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore. We, the supervisory committee, certify that the contents and forms of thesis submitted by Name Muhammad Omer, VUID MC 200403964 have been found satisfactory and recommend that it
be processed for evaluation by the External Examiner(s) for the award of degree.
MISS AYESHA SIKANDAR
SUPERVISOR:
CO-SUPERVISOR:
iii
DEDICATION
I would like to dedicate my work to my beloved parents. Their wisdom, love, guidance and prayer enable me to achieve the goal. Without their love and guidance, I would not have the goal. I would also dedicate to the friends who encourage and motivate me for earning degree in M.Sc. Zoology. iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
MUHAMMAD OMER.................................................................................................................i
LIST OF FIGURES
MUHAMMAD OMER...................................................................................................................i
ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
IUCN International Union for conservation of nature
LC Least Concern
VU Venerable
NT Nearly Threatened
EN Endanger
x
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Zoos are not only the place of entertainment and recreational activities but it also site for the conservation, education and research. Zoos have been existence for over than three thousand years (Alexander 1979). Researcher have great concern about the status of wild animals in captivity. (Bostock 1993). Pakistan has 14 zoos out of which 10 are government and 4 are private. Zoo provides shelter for the red list species by IUCN. Zoo maintenance is very important in welfare of captive animals. For good health and hygiene there should be proper check and balance on the animals in the zoo. Zoos are considered as conservative and refugees center for the wild animals to keep them safe from the anthropogenic activities. (Anderson et al. 2003). Anthropogenic are the manmade chemicals and activities that are directly linked with the health of not only animals and plants but also man himself. Peshawar zoo and Bagh e Naran are site for the conservation, research and recreational activities in KPK. Peshawar zoo open in 2018 for the public. Peshawar zoo is managed by forests, environment and wildlife department of the KPK. At first there was only few number of animals in Peshawar Zoo however recently the number of specie of different animals of different species increased dramatically. Most of the cages and enclosure are constructed recently for the upcoming animals and not species are introduced yet because these cages and enclosure are still under construction. Enclosures space and designed influence the activities of captive leopards (Avanti Mallapur et al. 2002). It is very important for a country to have zoos in its different cities. Such sites will provide education, research and entertainment for the its people. Peshawar zoo is the largest zoo in KPK. The has a total area 29 acre. Recent study show increase in number of species of different animals about 70 species of different mammals, birds and reptile however the birds have the largest species variety. Bagh e naran is also an entertainment park for the public however it has very less animal fauna as compare to Peshawar Zoo. During the study regular visit were made to 1
both site animals were observed. The main aim of the study was to study feeding, enclosure, disease and hygiene of animals in captivity. During the study comparison was done between bagh e naran and Peshawar Zoo. Peshawar zoo and Bagh-e-Naran were selected as study site for the assessment of status of captive animals and birds during the year 2022. Peshawar zoo have divers’ variety of species as compare to Bagh-e-Naran. Peshawar zoo was constructed in 2016 and the zoo open officially in 2018 for the public. Peshawar zoo is spread on a huge area. Globally zoological gardens, safari parks, zoos, wildlife parks and other similar center are as major tools for the conservation purposes of wild animals especially for endangered species. Wild animals have evolved complex behavior in order to cope with their natural environment and habitat_. (Barash 1977)._ For the protection and conservation of wild animals there should be collaboration between public and private parks authorities, stakeholder. The animals were observed by visiting on monthly basis and talking their photographs. For photography simply android mobile were used. Field worker was also used as helper in study. During study important morphological characters of animals such as color, shape and size were noted. For assessment of animal data were also collected from the zoo register and other documents. The animals were observed on the monthly basis regularly. For identification of animals’ standard taxonomic key and google lens were used. Being simple and easily understandable simply MS Excel software was used for the statistical analysis. The main focus of the study was on the general heath, mortality, disease and hygiene level. This study was conduct by visiting on the regular monthly basis to both site the Peshawar Zoo and bagh e Naran. The main objective of this study was to create a review the status of different captive animals presents at Peshawar Zoo and bagh e Naran and to find the key issues including birth rate, mortality, disease, general health, breeding and hygiene system of Peshawar Zoo and bagh e naran. During this study a comparison between bagh e naran and Peshawar Zoo also made and recommendation is also given for the betterment of status of captive animals at both site Peshawar Zoo and Bagh e Naran. 2
Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Ravi Campus, Pakistan. The aim of the present study was conducted to observe the diet preferences and general behavior of these peafowls under captive conditions. Three different diets, on the basis of food were given to the birds for one week were selected and fed to the birds over duration of one week each. During the fourth week, all three diets were combined and offered to the peafowls. The final result show that the feeding behavior change with the change in diet. Tanaka and et al. (2018) worked on "Current husbandry situation of red pandas in Japan." Panda feed on bamboo leaves. Different factors involve in the reproductive success and longevity of captive red pandas. The aims of the study were to investigate how red pandas are kept in Japan zoo. In order to obtain useful information about longevity by comparing the results from a questionnaire were sent to Japanese zoos and the questioner was compare to the previous study of other countries. Data was received responses from 42 holding a total of 219 individual red pandas, in Japan. The age-sex distribution indicated that red panda populations in Japan need close attention to be maintained sustainably. Of the husbandry aspects surveyed, the number of individuals in the same zoo, enclosure size, and the frequency of bamboo feeding factors involve in the reproductive success keeper training and bamboo feeding were suggested as the reasons for the longevity of red pandas in Japan. M Zaheer Khan and et al. (2017) studied the “STATUS OF CAPTIVE WILD ANIMALS IN SAFARI PARK, KARACHI” the purpose of captive breeding is to keep the captive animals in a controlled environment for the breeding such as zoo and safari parks. The aim of this study was to study the status of various animals present at the safari park Karachi. Main focus in this study was on the vertebrate’s fauna and also to address the issue facing by them. The issues addressed in this study are include captive breeding and conservation and managements. This study suggested reliable measures can be used as future planning for development of conservation and management. Proper management can enhance breeding of animals at safari parks. Zhang, Fuhua, et al. worked (2017) “Keeping and breeding the rescued Sunda pangolins (Manis javanica) in captivity.”The Sunda pangolin is an Endangered species. In order to protect it from extinction breeding technique should be develop. However, developing technique for captive breeding of pangolins is a difficult task. However, 2010 artificial method for the protection and 4
breeding of pangolin was developed. Up to present data 36 cube of pangolin is born. The techniques for keeping were involve housing, artificial diet, husbandry, and captive breeding are the main focus of this research described in this paper. The purpose of this review is to show that artificial house, diet is helpful in the breeding of Sunda pangolins. Kapoor, Varsha, et al. in 2016 studied "Oral health correlates of captivity." Captive carnivore captive animals feed on garden meat. The garden meat is totally lack mechanical hardness as compare to the wild animals. The aim of the study was to investigate the oral health of captive carnivore. For this purpose, captive tiger was studied periodontal and dental calculus in comparison with wild tiger. In this study 34 adult lions and 29 adult tigers were studied. The study suggest that the dental disease is more common in captive as compare to their wild counterpart. This study suggest that mechanical factors are play vital role in the contribution of oral health. Uttam Sharma (2015) investigate” Study of Habitat Patterns of Captive Animals in the Assam State Zoo”. Conservation of different animals’ species is essential it will play important role in animal species to recover the loss which occurred in the past. Zoo and safari parks provide the best place for artificial conservation of threatened and endangered animal species. Resemble with that of natural habitat so that animal will not face difficulty in adapting to that place. However, keeping wild animals in artificial environment is very difficult. The aim of the study is to provide natural habitat like environment in captivity for the better flourishing of the animals. These include vast area, cleanliness, proper size enclosure, proper breeding site. Hua, Liushuai , et al. (2015) "Captive breeding of pangolins: current status, problems and future prospects."Pangolins are unique placental mammals with eight species existing in the world, ant and termite are the best food and diet, it has great check on the forest termite disaster. Beside ecological value they also play key role in medicine and food. Commonly they are known as ant eater due to unique eating behavior. In the present time illegal hunting and habitat destruction pushing them toward the extinction. Captive breeding is an important method to protect them from extinction but due to very sensitive nature it is very difficult task to keep and feed them in captive state. The purpose of this research paper is to reviewed the status and existing problems in captive breeding of pangolins. In this study four aspects are discussed the naturalistic habitat, 5
animals, however the female showed highly percentage of as compared with males. In view of results of this study conclude that protozoa infection is highly prevalent among animals of AL- Zawraa zoo which considers very serious issue to the health of these animals and their kids also it has direct and indirect effect on life of visitors and workers of the Zoo. So, this study and work suggest that there should be proper hygienic condition in zoo for captive animals in order to prevent the cross transmission between the zoo animals and human being. Muhammad Saleem and et al. (2013) studied the” Ecological status and threats of marsh crocodiles (Crocodilus palustris) in Manghopir Karachi” This study was conduct by using the survey data and reviews the threats and ecological status of Marsh crocodilesin the captive habitat of Karachi. Pakistan has only one crocodilian species of Marsh Crocodile. The present study on threats and ecological status of Marsh crocodiles was carried out from the record of 2006 to 2009 during which 116 crocodiles were recorded from Karachi. Out of 116 them 80 were adult crocodile, 20 were juveniles and 16 were hatchlings. The most people consider them as a serious and potentially dangerous pest and so do not regret their disappearance from their neighborhood. In Pakistan still the people are not aware about the importance of wildlife. crocodile population is not only threatened by the people but also threatened by environmental deterioration, hazard chemicals in water resources, hunting pressure and loss of habitat. The aim of the study is to protect the crocodile population government should take initiative. Chris Darper and Stephen Harris (2012) studied “The assessment of Animals welfare in British zoo by government appointed inspectors” According to licensing Act 1981 it required to meet the welfare status of captive animals by zoos. For this purpose, zoo is regularly monitored and inspected by the government appointed inspectors. The purpose of this study to analyze the reports of government-appointed inspectors from 192 zoos to provide the review of how animal welfare was assessed in British zoos according to zoo Licensing Act 1981. At least 11% of full license inspections did not fulfill with the legal requirement of the inspection. The inspectors’ reports were unclear as to how animal welfare was assessed, whether all animals or only a sub- sample had been inspected, and were based predominantly on welfare inputs rather than outcomes. Of 9,024 animal welfare assessments across the 192 zoos, 7,511 were graded as meeting the standards, 782 as substandard and the rest were not graded. Of the 192 zoos, 47 were assessed as meeting all the animal welfare standards. 7