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Bioenergetics: Understanding Free Energy, ATP, and Enzyme Function, Quizzes of Biology

Definitions and explanations of key terms related to bioenergetics, including free energy, atp, exergonic and endergonic reactions, and enzyme function. Learn about the role of atp in driving endergonic reactions, the concept of entropy, and different types of enzyme inhibitors.

Typology: Quizzes

2010/2011

Uploaded on 07/27/2011

warren-lin7
warren-lin7 🇺🇸

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TERM 1
Change in G
DEFINITION 1
Delta G = Final G - Initial GG = Free Energy = energy
available to do workIf the resulting equation yields a
negative then this event was spontaneous BECAUSE there is
now less energy to do work.Ex: Tree energy (product) - Sun
Energy (reactant) = negative
TERM 2
Exergonic
DEFINITION 2
Energy Outward: Net Release of Free Energy and IS
spontaneous
TERM 3
Endergonic
DEFINITION 3
Energy Inward: absorbs free energy from its surroundings
and is not spontaneous.
TERM 4
ATP has high _____ energy. Why?
DEFINITION 4
Potential Energy.ATP has 4 negative charges on the 3
phosphate groups resisting each other raising their potential
energy.
TERM 5
How is the energy of ATP released?
DEFINITION 5
When the bonds are BROKEN by hydrolysis.
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Change in G

Delta G = Final G - Initial GG = Free Energy = energy

available to do workIf the resulting equation yields a

negative then this event was spontaneous BECAUSE there is

now less energy to do work.Ex: Tree energy (product) - Sun

Energy (reactant) = negative

TERM 2

Exergonic

DEFINITION 2

Energy Outward: Net Release of Free Energy and IS

spontaneous

TERM 3

Endergonic

DEFINITION 3

Energy Inward: absorbs free energy from its surroundings

and is not spontaneous.

TERM 4

ATP has high _____ energy. Why?

DEFINITION 4

Potential Energy.ATP has 4 negative charges on the 3

phosphate groups resisting each other raising their potential

energy.

TERM 5

How is the energy of ATP released?

DEFINITION 5

When the bonds are BROKEN by hydrolysis.

How is Electrostatic Repulsion between

Phosphates reduced in ATP?

The ATP is "cleaved" to ADP + Pi so energy is released.

TERM 7

What is the energy released from ATP? Is this

ender or exer gonic?

DEFINITION 7

Delta G = + 3.4 kcal/molThis is exergonic.Keep in mind: This

is to DRIVE the endergonic reactions.Real life comparison:

People use the excessive amount of Free Energy in the

Hoover Dam to generate electricity to drive more organized

uses.

TERM 8

The higher the amount of free energy the

more/less disorder there is?

DEFINITION 8

More disorder. Sun is a ball of disorder. Tree is a ball of

endergonic order.

TERM 9

Overall Delta G is neg/pos?

DEFINITION 9

Overall Delta G is negative. Reactions in the body are

considered spontaneous.

TERM 10

How does ATP drive endergonic

reactions?

DEFINITION 10

Through phosphorylation.Def: The transferring of a phophate

group to some other molecule such as a reactant. By

transferring the phosphate group you are breaking the bonds

and so releasing energy.

Activation energy is most often supplied in

the form of...

Heat from surroundings

TERM 17

How do enzymes catalyze

reactions?

DEFINITION 17

By lowering the Ea BarrierKEEP IN MIND Ea = E(subscript

A)They catalyze by lowering the Energy Activation barrier.

TERM 18

Catalyst

DEFINITION 18

A Chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being

consumed by the reaction.

TERM 19

Enzyme is what kind of molecule?

DEFINITION 19

A Catalytic Molecule.

TERM 20

Hydrolysis of sucrose happens with what

enzyme?

DEFINITION 20

Sucrase

What is the reactant that an enzyme acts on

called?

Enzyme Substrate

TERM 22

When the enzyme binds to the substrate it is

called...

DEFINITION 22

The enzyme substrate complex.

TERM 23

What is "induced fit"

DEFINITION 23

When an enzyme binds to the shape of the substrate

TERM 24

How can an Active Site on an Enzyme lower

the Energy Activation requirement?

DEFINITION 24

1. Orienting substrates correctly.2. Straining substrate

bonds.3. Providing a favorable micro environment.4.

Covalently bonding to the substrate.

TERM 25

Acid-Base Catalysis

DEFINITION 25

Enzyme side chains transfer H+ to or from the substrate - a

covalent bond breaks

Inhibitor

Molecules that bind to an enzyme to DECREASE enzyme

activity

TERM 32

Competitive Inhibitor

DEFINITION 32

They Bind to the active site of the enzyme to compete with

the substrateThey work by being structurally similar to the

substrateNullified by increasing the substrate concentration

TERM 33

Non-competitive Inhibitor

DEFINITION 33

Binds to the enzyme irreversibly and cause a "conformational

change" so the enzyme no longer has an effective active site

TERM 34

How do you overcome the effects of a non-

competitive inhibitor?

DEFINITION 34

Can't :p trick question!

TERM 35

Allosteric Regulation

DEFINITION 35

A protein's function at one site is affected by binding of a

regulatory molecule at another site.

Allosteric Enzyme

An enzyme with (usually) a more complex quaternary

structure.An allosteric enzyme usually has two forms, active

and inacative.

TERM 37

Allosteric Inhibitors

DEFINITION 37

Stabilize the inactive form inhibiting activity

TERM 38

Allosteric Activators

DEFINITION 38

Stabilize the active form promoting activity.

TERM 39

Inhibition of proteolytic enzymes are

called

DEFINITION 39

Caspases. And they may also help management of

inappropriate inflammatory responses.

TERM 40

Feedback inhibition

DEFINITION 40

The switching off of a metabolic pathway by its end-

product.Prvents a cell from wasting chemical resources by

stopping it from synthesizing more product than needed.

Second law of thermodynamics!!!

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the

Entropy (disorder) of the universe because some energy is

always lost during transfer or transformation. Usually heat.

TERM 47

Energy from the sun flows at _____

calories/year

DEFINITION 47

13x10^23 calories/year

TERM 48

Spontaneous processes occur with/without

energy input

DEFINITION 48

They occur WITHOUT energy input.

TERM 49

If a process occurs without energy input then

the entropy of the universe

increases/decreases

DEFINITION 49

Increases.

TERM 50

Entropy

DEFINITION 50

Disorder of the universe. Heat.