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Stott Pilates Exam Prep-Actions, Origins and
Insertions of Muscles Questions and answers
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Gastrocnemius - โโA: plantarflexes and inverts foot at ankle, O:femoral condyles I: Calcaneus via achilles tendon Soleus - โโA: plantarflexes and inverts foot at ankle O: Upper 1/3 of fibia I: Calcaneus via achilles tendon Tibialis Anterior - โโA: Dorsiflexes and inverts foot at ankle O: Lateral condyle of tibia I: plantar surface of first metatarsal and cuneiform Tibialis Posterior - โโA: Inverts and plantarflexes the foot at ankle. Medial ankle stabilizer. O: Lateral part of posterior surface of tibia, proximal 2/3 of medial surface of fibula. I: Tuberosity of navicular, with branches to sustenaculum tali of calcaneus, plantar surfaces of all 3 cuneiforms, cuboid, and bases of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th metatarsal bones. Popliteus - โโA: Rotates tibia medially on the femur, or femur laterally on tibia. Brings knee out of full extension. Helps with posterior stability of knee O: Lateral condyle of the femur I: Posterior surface of tibia above soleal line.
Plantaris - โโA: plantar flexes and inverts the foot at the ankle, flexes the leg at the knee. O: Lower part of lateral supracondylar line of femur, and oblique popliteal ligament of knee. I: Posterior part of the calcaneus medial to the achilles tendon. Peroneus Longus - โโA: Eversion and plantar flexion of foot at ankle. Gives lateral stability to the ankle. O: Head and proximal 2/3 of lateral tibia I: Lateral margin of plantar surface of 1st cuneiform and metatarsal. Peroneus Brevis - โโA: Eversion and plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle. Gives lateral stability to the ankle. O: Distal 2/3 of the lateral fibula. I: Tuberosity on lateral side of 5th metatarsal Peroneus Tertius - โโA: Dorsiflexes and everts the foot at the ankle. O: Distal 1/3 of anterior surface of fibula. I: Dorsal surface of 5th metatarsal. Extensor Hallucis Longus - โโA: Extends distal phalanx of big toe. Continued action extends proximal phalanx and dorsiflexes and inverts the foot at the ankle. O: Middle 1/2 of the anterior surface of fibula, I: Dorsal surface of base of distal phalanx of hallux (big toe)
Insertion: Distal phalanges of toes 2- 5 Comment: Tendon provides attachment for quadratus plantae (insertion) and lumbrical (origin) muscles Vastus Medialis - โโA: Extends leg at knee and draws patella medially. O: Lower 1/2 of intertrochanteric line, tendons of adductor magnus and adductor longus I: Medial border of the patella and through the ligamentum patallae into tibial tuberosity Vastus Intermedius - โโA: Extends leg at the knee O: Proximal 2/3 of anterolateral surface of femur, upper part of lateral supracondylar line I: by tendons of the rectus and vasti muscles into the superior border of patella and through patellar ligament into tibial tuberosity. Vastus Lateralis - โโA: Extends leg at the knee and draws patella laterally O: Upper part of intertrocheanteric line, anterior and lower borders of greater trochanter, tendon of gluteus maximus I: Lateral border of the patella and through the patellar ligament into the tibial tuberosity Rectus Femoris - โโA: Extension of leg at knee. Flexion of thigh at hip O: Straight head: anterior inferior iliac spine Reflected head: Groove on upper brim of acetabulum I: Upper border of patella and through patellar ligament into tibial tuberosity
Semimembranosus - โโA: Flexes and Medially rotates the leg at the knee. Extends, adducts and medially rotates the thigh at the hip. O: Upper and lateral aspect of ischial tuberosity I: Posterior surface of medial condyle of the tibia Semitendinosus - โโA: Flexes and medially rotates the leg at the knee. Extends, adducts and medially rotates the thigh at the hip. O: Ischial tuberosity with tendon of the long head of the biceps femoris. I: Anterior and medial surface of the shaft of the tibia just below the condyle. Biceps Femoris - โโA: Flexion and lateral rotation of the leg at the knee, extends, adducts and laterally rotates the thigh at the hip. The short head is the primary leg flexor when the long head is placed at a disadvantage by the extended thigh. O: Long head: Ischial tuberosity and the sacrotuberous ligament. Short head: lateral lip of linea aspera and lateral supracondylar line of the femur. I: Lateral side of the head of the fibula, lateral condyle of the tibia and the deep fascia on the lateral side of the leg Gluteus Maximus - โโA: Extends thigh at the hip, assists in laterally rotating the thigh. Upper 2/3 are abductors, lower 1/3 is inactive as an abductor/adductor in the standing position O: Posterior gluteal line of the ilium, aponeurosis of the erector spinae, dorsal surface of sacrum, coccyx and sacrotuberous ligament I: Gluteal tuberosity of femur and iliotibial tract of fascia lata
I: Superior border of greater trochanter of femur. Gemellus Superior - โโA: laterally rotates the extended thigh at the hip, can also produce horizontal extension, abducts the flexed thigh. O: Outer surface of the ischial spine I: With tendon of Obturator internus into the medial surface of the greater trochanter of the femur. Gemellus Inferior - โโA: Laterally rotates the extended thigh at the hip, can also produce horizontal extension. Abducts the flexed thigh. O: Superior aspect of the ischial tuberosity. I: With tendon of obturator internus into the medial surface of the greater trochanter of the femur. Obturator Externus - โโA: Lateral rotation of the femur at the hip. O: Outer surface of obturator membrane and the margin of bone immediately around the medial side of the obturator foramen, from the rami of the pubis and the inferior ramus of the ischium. I: Trochanteric fossa on the medial aspect of the greater trochanter. Obturator Internus - โโA: Laterally rotates the extended thigh at the hip. Can also produce horizontal extension. Abducts the flexed thigh. O: Pelvic surface of obturator membrane and bony margin of the obturator foramen. I: Medial surface of the greater trochanter of the femur. Quadratus Femoris - โโA: Lateral rotation of the femur at the hip. O: Superior aspect of the lateral border of the ischial tuberosity.
I: Superior aspect of the quadrate line which extends downward from the intertrochanteric crest of the femur. Quadratus Lumborum - โโA: Lateral flexion of the lumbar vertebral column; helps action of the diaphragm in inspiration. O: Illiolumbar ligament, posterior part of the iliac crest. I: inferior border of the 12th rib and transverse processes of the upper 4 lumbar vertebrae. Pectineus - โโA: adduction of thigh at the hip. Assistance in thigh flexion and medial rotation at the hip. O: Superior surface of the pubis, the pectineal line between iliopectineal eminence and pubic tubercle. I: Pectineal line of femur, from lesser trochanter to linea aspera. Adductor Brevis - โโA: adduction of high at the hip. Assistance in thigh flexion and medial rotation at the hip. O: Outer surface of body and inferior ramus of pubis I: On a line extending from lesser trochanter to upper part of linea aspera. Adductor Longus - โโA: adducts thigh at the hip. Assists in thigh flexion, medial rotation at the hip. O: Front of pubis in angle between crest and symphysis. I: Middle 1/3 of medial lip of linea aspera.
O: Medial 2/3 of supraspinous fossa. I: Superior surface of greater tubercle of humerus and capsule of shoulder joint. Longus Capitis - โโA: Acting bilaterally, flexes cervical vertebrae & head. Acting unilaterally, rotates & laterally flexes cervical vertebrae & head to the same side. O: Anterior tubercles of transverse processes of the 3rd-6th cervical vertebrae Infraspinatus - โโA:Lateral rotation of humerus at the shoulder. Stabilization of the glenohumeral joint. O: Infraspinous fossa of scapula. I: Posterior aspect of greater tubercle of humerus, and capsule of shoulder joint. Subscapularis - โโA: Medial rotation of the humerus at the shoulder. Stabilization of the glenohumeral joint. O: Entire anterior surface of the subscapular fossa. I: Lesser tubercle of humerus and capsule of shoulder joint. Teres Minor - โโA: Lateral rotation of humerus at the shoulder. Stabilization of head of humerus. O: Superior 2/3 of dorsal surface of axillary border of scapula. I: Inferior aspect of greater tubercle of the humerus, capsule of the shoulder joint. Teres Major - โโA: adducts and medially rotates humerus at the shoulder. Extends the shoulder joint. O: Dorsal surface of inferior angle of the scapula on lower 1/3 of scapular axillary border. I: Medial lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus. Medial to latissimus dorsi tendon.
Coracobrachialis - โโA:Horizontal flexion and adduction of the humerus at the shoulder. O: Tip of coracoid process of scapula. I: Middle of medial border of humerus, opposite deltoid tuberosity. Deltoid (anterior division) - โโA: Abduction, horizontal flexion and medial rotation of the humerus at the shoulder. O: Anterosuperior border of the lateral 1/3 of the clavicle. I: Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus on the anterolateral surface just above its midshaft. Deltoid (middle division) - โโA: Abduction of the humerus at the shoulder. O: Superior surface of the acromion process. I: Deltoid tuberosity of humerus. Deltoid (posterior division) - โโA: abduction, horizontal extension and lateral rotation of the humerus at the shoulder. O: Inferior margin of spine of scapula I: Deltoid tuberosity of humerus Biceps Brachii - โโA: Flexes and supinates the forearm at the elbow O: Long Head: Supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula Short Head: Apex of coracoid process of the scapula I: Radial tuberosity and biciptal aponeurosis
I: An oblique line on the lateral anterior surface of the upper 1/3 of radius. Diaphragm - โโA: principal muscle of respiration. Draws the central tendon downward, during quiet inspiration, pressing against the abdominal viscera. O: An approximately circular line passing entirely around the inner surface of the body wall I: The central tendon, which is an oblong sheet forming the summit of the dome. Internal Intercostals - โโA: Depresses the ribs during expiration O: Superior border of rib below I: Inferior border of rib above External Intercostals - โโA: Elevate ribs during inspiration O: Inferior border of rib above I: Superior border of rib below Serratus Anterior - โโA: protracts scapula and rotates it upwards to point the glenoid cavity superiorly. Stabilizes vertebral border of scapula to thoracic cage, along with rhomboids and middle trapezius. O: Superior lateral surfaces of upper 8 or 9 ribs at the side of the chest. I: Costal surface of the vertebral border along the inferior angle of scapula Serratus Posterior Superior - โโA: Elevates the ribs and is a muscle of inspiration O: Lower portion of ligamentum nuchae and spinous processes of the 7th cervical and 1st, 2nd, and 3rd thoracic vertebrae. I: Superior borders of 2nd-5th ribs distal to the angles
Serratus Posterior Inferior - โโA: Counteracts the pull of the diaphragm by drawing the ribs posterior and inferior, aids in respiration. O: Spinous processes of 11th and 12th thoracic and 1st, 2nd, and 3rd lumbar vertebrae, and the thoracolumbar fascia. I: Inferior borders of lower 4 ribs just beyond their angles Latissimus Dorsi - โโA: Extends, retracts and medially rotates the humerus at the shoulder. Through its action on the humerus it depresses, retracts and rotates the scapula downwards. Assists in forced expiration. O: Broad aponeurosis that originates on the spinous processes of lower 6 thoracic and all lumbar vertebrae; posterior crest of ilium, posterior surface of sacrum, lower 3 or 4 ribs, and an attachment to the inferior angle of the scapula. I: Flat tendon that twists upon itself to insert into the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus, just anterior to and parallel with tendon of pectoralis major. Rhomboid Major - โโA: Retracts and elevates the scapula. The inferior fibers aid in rotating the glenoid cavity inferiorly. O: Spinous processes of 2nd-5th thoracic vertebrae. I: Medial border of scapula from spine to inferior angle. Rhomboid Minor - โโA: retracts and elevates the scapula. Assists in rotating the scapula downwards. O: Lower part of ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7 and T1. I: Medial border of scapula at the root of the spine of the scapula.
I: Medial 1/3 of spine of the scapula Trapezius (middle division) - โโA: Retracts and aids in elevation of scapula. O: Spinous processes of 1st-5th thoracic vertebrae I: Superior border of spine of scapula Trapezius (upper division) - โโA: elevates the scapula as in shrugging the shoulders. Rotates the scapula upwards s the glenoid cavity faces superiorly, when acting with other sections of the trapezius it retracts the scapula. O: External occipital protuberance, medial 1/3 of superior nuchal line, ligamentum nuchae and spinous process of the 7th cervical vertebrae I: Lateral 1/3 of clavicle and acromion process Levator Scapulae - โโA: elevates the scapula and rotates the scapula downwards so the glenoid cavity faces inferiorly. Working with the upper trapezius, elevates and retracts the scapula. O: Transverse processes of first four cervical vertebrae. I: Vertebral border of scapula between superior angle and scapular spine. Rectus Abdominis - โโA: Flexion and lateral flexion of the trunk. In standing position, supports organs anteriorly, gives anterior support to lumbar spine. With aid of gluteus maximus and hamstrings keeps pelvis from going into anterior tilt, decreasing lumbar lordosis. O: The pubic crest and the symphysis pubis I: The costal cartilages of the 5th, 6th and 7th ribs and the side of the xiphoid process
Pyramidalis - โโA: compresses the abdomen, supports abdominal viscera, tenses the linea alba and is active in forced expiration. O: Anterior aspect of the symphysis pubis and pubic bone. I: Linea alba, midway between the umbilicus and pubis Transversus Abdominis - โโA: Constricts abdominal contents; assists in forced expiration. O: Lateral 1/3 of the inquinal ligament, anterior 2/3 of inner lip of the iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia and from the inne edges of the lower 6 costal cartilages. I: The linea alba by its aponeurosis Internal Abdominal Oblique (lateral division) - โโA: Acting unilaterally, approximates thorax and pelvis laterally. Contributes to rotation of the trunk on the fixed pelvis toward the side of contraction. Acting bilaterally, flexes the trunk on the pelvis. O: Middle 1/3 of the iliac crest on the middle line and thoracolumbar fascia I: Inferior borders of the 10th, 11th and 12th ribs Internal Abdominal Oblique (anterior division) - โโA: acting unilaterally, rotates the trunk to the same side, and laterally flexes the trunk toward the side of the muscle contraction. Acting bilaterally, flexes the vertebral column, approximating the anterior thorax and pelvis. Supports and compresses the abdominal viscera. Assists in forced expiration. O: Lateral 2/3 of the inquinal ligament and the anterior 1/3 of the middle (or intermediate) line of the iliac crest
O: Transverse processes of the vertebrae I: Bases of the spinous processes (lamina) from the 2nd vertebra above. Levatores Costarum Breves - โโA: Elevate the ribs during inspiration. Extend the vertebral column, bend it laterally and rotate it slightly toward the opposite side. O: Transverse processes of the 7th cervical and upper 11 thoracic vertebrae. I: The outer surface of the rib immediately below the vertebra from which it takes origin, between the tubercle and the angle. Levatores Costarum Longi - โโA: Elevate the ribs during inspiration. Extend the vertebral column, bend it laterally and rotate it slightly toward the opposite side. O: Transverse processes of the 7th-10th thoracic vertebrae I: The outer surface of the 2nd rib below its origin, between the tubercle and the angle. Intertransversarii - โโA: acting unilaterally, lateral flexion of the spine. O and I: pairs of small muscles, anterior and posterior, on each side of the spine joining the transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae. They extend from the atlas to the first thoracic vertebra and from the 10th thoracic vertebra to the last lumbar vertebra. Longus Capitis - โโA: Acting bilaterally, flexes cervical vertebrae & head. Acting unilaterally, rotates & laterally flexes cervical vertebrae & head to the same side. O:
Longus Colli - โโA: Acting bilaterally, flexes cervical vertebrae. Acting unilaterally, assists in rotation to opposite side and lateral flexion. O: Inferior Oblique Part: 1st, 2nd or 3rd thoracic vertebral bodies Superior oblique part: anterior tubercles of 3rd, 4th and 5th cervical transverse processes Vertical part: anterior aspects of the 5th, 6th, and 7th cervical and 1st, 2nd, and 3rd thoracic vertebral bodies. I: Inferior oblique part: anterior tubercles of the 5th, 6th or 7th cervical transverse processes. Superior oblique part: anterolateral surface of the atlanta anterior tubercle, anterior tubercle Vertical part: Anterior aspects of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th cervical vertebral bodies Sternocleidomastoid - โโA: Acting unilaterally, draws the head toward the ipsilateral shoulder and rotates the head to the opposite side. Acting bilaterally, flexes the head. O: Sternal head: anterior surface of the manubrium Clavicular head: superior surface of the medail 1/3 of the clavicle I: Lateral surface of the mastoid process of the temporal bone and lateral half of the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone. Scalenus Medius - โโA: Acting unilaterally, laterally flexes and rotates cervical spine to the opposite side. When acting bilaterally, flexes the neck and raises the first rib. O: Posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of 2nd-7th cervical vertebrae I: Superior surface of the 1st rib behind subclavian groove
