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Study Guide for Anthropology 110, Exams of Introduction to Cultural Anthropology

San Francisco State University (SFSU)Introduction to Cultural Anthropology

Midterm Study Questions and practice tests

Typology: Exams

2016/2017

Uploaded on 10/27/2017

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Quiz 1
1. Many of the principal features of modern archaeology, particularly
chronology and description were established in the 19th century and
continued to develop through the first half of the 20th century, this
initial approach to archaeology is described by Gordon willey and
Jeremy Sabloff: CLASSIFICATORY-HISTORICAL.
2. Renfrew and Bahn argue that archaeology is a science, history and
a humanity.
3. At a time (late 19th century to early 20th century) when few women
could be on excavations, Harriet Boyd Hawes not only surveyed
crete on a donkey and led excavations that unearthed the first Minoan
town, but she also published her results in outstanding detail.
4. One of the objectives sought by IAN HODDER in his renewed
excavations at Catalhoyuk was to allow different specialist to have
a voice in the site interpretation, allow more local inhabitants
to voice their interpretations of the site, and develop a more
flexible and open approach to interpreting stratigraphy in the
field.
5. Evolution associated with Charles Darwin and highly influential on
many other thinkers (such as Karl Marx, Oscar Montelius and others),
also set the groundwork for the study of ARTIFACT TYPOLOGY.
6. The site of Catalhoyuk, first excavated by James Mellaart in the 1960’s,
is a world-renowned Neolithic site because of discoveries of PLASTER
DECORATIONS INCORPORATING BULL SKULLS, WALL
PAINTINGS, FEMALE TERRACOTTA FIGURINES, AND WELL-
PRESERVED REMAINS OF TEXTILES.
7. The account of the Trojan war in the iliad inspired the search for Troy by
Heinrich schliemann.
8. James Hutton, author of Theory of the Earth (1785), studies the
stratification of rocks and concluded that THE SAME PROCESSES
WERE CONTINUING IN THE FORMATION OF THE EARTH AS IN
THE PAST.
9. In North America, the influential anthropologist Julian Steward
emphasized the importance of environmental adaptation in cultural
change. This approach was termed CULTURAL ECOLOGY.
10. A typology is an arrangement of artifacts in chronological or
developmental sequence.
11. Proponents of the New archaeology argued that archaeology should do
which of the following? [explain rather than describe, design
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Quiz 1

  1. Many of the principal features of modern archaeology, particularly chronology and description were established in the 19th century and continued to develop through the first half of the 20th century, this initial approach to archaeology is described by Gordon willey and Jeremy Sabloff: CLASSIFICATORY-HISTORICAL.
  2. Renfrew and Bahn argue that archaeology is a science, history and a humanity.
  3. At a time (late 19th century to early 20th century) when few women could be on excavations, Harriet Boyd Hawes not only surveyed crete on a donkey and led excavations that unearthed the first Minoan town, but she also published her results in outstanding detail.
  4. One of the objectives sought by IAN HODDER in his renewed excavations at Catalhoyuk was to allow different specialist to have a voice in the site interpretation, allow more local inhabitants to voice their interpretations of the site, and develop a more flexible and open approach to interpreting stratigraphy in the field.
  5. Evolution associated with Charles Darwin and highly influential on many other thinkers (such as Karl Marx, Oscar Montelius and others), also set the groundwork for the study of ARTIFACT TYPOLOGY.
  6. The site of Catalhoyuk, first excavated by James Mellaart in the 1960’s, is a world-renowned Neolithic site because of discoveries of PLASTER DECORATIONS INCORPORATING BULL SKULLS, WALL PAINTINGS, FEMALE TERRACOTTA FIGURINES, AND WELL- PRESERVED REMAINS OF TEXTILES.
  7. The account of the Trojan war in the iliad inspired the search for Troy by Heinrich schliemann.
  8. James Hutton, author of Theory of the Earth (1785), studies the stratification of rocks and concluded that THE SAME PROCESSES WERE CONTINUING IN THE FORMATION OF THE EARTH AS IN THE PAST.
  9. In North America, the influential anthropologist Julian Steward emphasized the importance of environmental adaptation in cultural change. This approach was termed CULTURAL ECOLOGY.
  10. A typology is an arrangement of artifacts in chronological or developmental sequence.
  11. Proponents of the New archaeology argued that archaeology should do

which of the following? [explain rather than describe, design

research to answer specific questions, be deductive rather than inductive, test hypotheses].

  1. An effective way to understand how the archaeological record was formed is the study of the material culture and behavior of living cultures. Such an approach is called ETHNOARCHAEOLOGY.
  2. According to Renfrew & Bahn, there are now a number of archaeologies including [ historical, environmental, underwater and ethnoarchaeology ]
  3. Contradicting the prevailing wisdom of the time, excavations led by GERTRUDE CATON-THOMPSON at Great Zimbabwe [1992] confirmed that the site was of indigenous African Origin.
  4. Darwin's work on evolution, in particular the mechanism of natural selection, served as an important catalyst to the concept that the humans had emerged as part of the same process.
  5. In 1841 Jacques Boucher de Perthes proposed the great antiquity of humankind, based on his discovery of Stone hands axes with remains of extinct animals.
  6. Who is considered to be the first person to have conducted a scientific

excavations of an ancient site? Thomas Jefferson

  1. In the early 1700’s, englishman William Stukeley made a systematic study of European stone monuments and demonstrated that they had not been made by giants or devils.
  2. Ian Holder and Michael Shanks, leading voices in post processual perspectives, suggests that a better term for these approaches might be INTERPRETIVE ARCHAEOLOGIES.
  3. C.J. thomsen, a Danish scholar was responsible for classifying artifact collections and, based on those classification, he created a conceptual scheme known as the Three Age System.

Quiz 2

  1. Typically, the most destructive type of climate for organic materials tends to be TROPICAL
  2. Objects used, modified or made by people are known as ARTIFACTS to archaeologists
  3. Features essentially non-portable artifacts, include such things as POSTHOLES, HEARTHS, FLOORS AND DITCHES.
  4. Tropical climates : are often so inhospitable that they can hinder

archaeological looters, often experience torrential rains when destroys masonry work and wood, and tend to have the vegetation that overwhelms archaeological sites.

to reveal stratification, and those that emphasize the Horizontal dimension.

  1. Some survey techniques use squares when conducting regional surveys, but transects are easier to locate and walk along, in order to record artifact densities across the landscape.
  2. GIS, which stands for Geographic Information System, is a significant development in archaeological mapping.
  3. To an archaeologist, the term provenience refers to the vertical and

horizontal position of the artifacts.

  1. When artifacts or features are described as in situ, archaeologists mean that they are left where originally used or discarded.
  2. What types of aerial photograph can be used by archaeologists? Both vertical and obliques.
  3. Systematic surface survey tends to be preferred to unsystematic for a number of reasons, primarily because in unsystematic surveys there is a tendency for survey walkers to concentrate on areas where artifacts are concentrated.
  4. The law of superposition means that when one layer overlies another,

the one on top is usually more recent.

  1. After the process of survey, excavation, recording, mapping, and post- excavation analysis, all these efforts are largely wasted unless the results are published.
  2. Sending short pulses of electromagnetic waves into the ground and then receiving reflections of these waves to detect underground changes in soil or archaeological features is known as Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR).
  3. One form of geochemical analysis allows detection of the phosphate content of soil, which has been demonstrated to correlate with ancient settlements not visible from the surface or even those with no apparent architectural features.
  4. Latex rubber molds were used at the site of Red Bay to record sensitive timbers in situ. This innovative technique is just one of many unique excavation and recording methods available to archaeologists working on shipwrecks.
  5. Groups of artifact or building types at a particular time and place are termed assemblages.
  6. Using attributes such as slope and distance, GIS can map catchment areas and site territories to understand the energy expenditures for moving across a landscape. This is known as cost-surface analysis.
  1. The most traditional and most basic subsurface detection technique is the use of probes.
  2. Results of surveys conducted over longer periods of time, covering the area repeatedly, tend to be more reliable because: - the visibility of sites and artifacts may vary according to seasonal variation, -the visibility of sites and artifacts can vary widely from year to year,- the accuracy of field crew observations may change through time.
  3. A remote sensing technique, SLAR, stands for SIDEWAYS-LOOKING

AIRBORNE RADAR and was used successfully to suggest that Maya agriculture was more intensive than previously believed.

  1. The analysis of the vertical series of archaeological layers that are situated horizontally is a fundamental aspect of archaeological excavation. It is called STRATIGRAPHY.
  2. Although GIS has been referred to as “the biggest step forward … since the invention of the map,” GIS applications have also been criticized as being environmentally deterministic. This accusation means that environmental data (soil, rivers, altitude, etC) are given priority over other data.
  3. Visible differences in vegetation growth resulting from a sub-surface wall or ditch affecting the available moisture, nutrients, or soil depth, appear in aerial photographs as CROPMARKS.
  4. The underlying premise of _____________ is that particular kinds of archaeological sites tend to occur in the same kinds of place
  5. The entire 3-D landscape of the site of Caracol in Belize can now be viewed thanks to a LIDAR survey. Why was LIDAR needed to survey the full extent of this site?
  6. The most traditional and most basic subsurface detection technique is the use of PROBES.
  7. Results of surveys conducted over longer periods of time, covering the area repeatedly, tend to be more reliable because

Quiz 4

  1. Although the creation of typology may enable an archaeologist to understand gradual changes in design or decoration, the rate of change must be deduced from ABSOLUTE DATING METHODS.
  2. Tephrochronology is based on the idea that the products of individual Volcanic eruptions are significantly different and thus distinguishable from one another.

[ tephra studies, radiocarbon dating, ice cores and tree-ring sequences] all of the answers are correct.

  1. Radiocarbon dates obtained from TREE Rings showed that before about 1000 BC dates expressed in radiocarbon years are increasingly “too young”. Thus radiocarbon dates must be calibrated.
  2. The isotope uranium-238 decays at a constant rate (half-life of 8.2 x 1015 years). It also occasionally divides in half, and the two parts are violently repelled from one another, creating scars in crystalline materials and obsidian. By counting the frequency of the scars, the archaeologist can calculate the age of the sample. The dating technique is called FISSION TRACK DATING.
  3. GENETIC DATING cannot be used to date individual samples, rather it is applied to “population events” which causes the emergence of either new mitochondrial DNA or Y-chromosome.
  4. In order to obtain absolute dates from very early contexts over 1 million years ago, you would probably choose to use either POTASSIUM-Argon, or possibly FISSION TRACK depending upon the rock material.
  5. Obsidian Hydration is a method that measures a thin layer that accumulates due to absorption of water on the surface of obsidian when it is first exposed to air. By comparing the thickness of this layer to a graph that predicts how long it takes for water to accumulate on such material a chronometric date can be calculated.
  6. To an archaeologist, examples of relative dating methods include [faunal dating, seriation, pollen dating, linguistic dating] all of the answers are correct.
  7. Before radioactive methods were developed after World War II, the two most accurate means of dating--------- and -------, were limited to Scandinavia and the American Southwest.
  8. The most coherent record of climate change on a global scale is obtained through DEEP-SEA CORES.
  9. Uranium-series dating is based on the radioactive decay of uranium isotopes, and is very useful for the second period 500,000-50,00 years ago, which is outside the limits of radiocarbon dating. This method is used to date TEETH AND CALCIUM CARBONATE ARE BOTH CORRECT.
  10. By exposing a sample of fired clay to radiation (energy) in the laboratory, so-called electron traps are opened and the energy that is emitted in the form of light can be accurately measured. This radiation dose can be combined with an estimate for the annual dose the sample received prior to testing and the susceptibility of the sample to

radiation in order to determine the precise age of the fired clay. This dating technique is called-------------.

  1. Tephrochronology is based on the idea that the products of individual volcanic eruptions are significantly different and thus distinguishable from one another
  2. Radiocarbon dates obtained from TREE RINGS showed that before about 1000 BC dates expressed in radiocarbon years are increasingly “too young.” thus radiocarbon dates must be calibrated
  3. In order to obtain absolute dates from very early contexts (over 1 million years ago), you would probably choose to use either POTASSIUM-ARGON or possibly FISSION TRACK , depending upon the rock material
  4. By measuring the hydration layer on obsidian tools, known to increase over time, an estimate of age may be established. Such a technique, known as obsidian hydration, is considered a(n) CALIBRATED RELATIVE method for dating.
  5. All of the following are absolute dating methods except FREQUENCY SERIATION [the use of historical chronologies, tree-ring dating, the use of calendars, radiocarbon dating]

Quizlet:

https://quizlet.com/22901796/achaeology-midterm-flash-cards/