Download Biology Study Guide: Macroevolution, Biodiversity, Ecology - Prof. Tamalene J. Imbierowicz and more Study notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
qegvBIO 100 Fundamentals of Biology – Spring 2010 Study Guide for Exam 4 LESSON 24 – Macroevolution (Belk, Ch. 11) Define macroevolution. - large scale evolutionary change, usually referring to the origin of a new species. Define species- groups of actually/potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups. Be able to correctly write binomial nomenclature of species: Genus species Compare and describe allopatric speciation- occurs when geographic separation plays a part in the evolution of a species. sympatric speciation- occurs less than allopatric. populations of a single species need not be separated geographically in order to become reproductively isolated from one another. What are the intrinsic isolating mechanisms: 2 kinds – prefertilization- failure to mate. failure to produce embryo postfertilization. - fertilization takes place but resulting offspring does not survive or is sterile. Most interspecies hybrids die before birth because placing genes from different species together provides offspring with incomprehensible info on how to build a body. Describe and give examples of the five pre-fertilization reproductive barriers: ecological- Spatial Isolation. different species do not come in contact temporal- timing of readiness to reproduce is different in species behavioral- .ritual behaviors that prepare for mating are different in species mechanical-sex organs are incompatible between specie gametic- proteins on egg that allow sperm binding do not bind with sperm from other species Describe, with examples, the two post-fertilization barriers: hybrid inviability- zygote cannot complete development because genetic instructions are incomplete hybrid sterility- organism cannot produce offspring because chromosome number is odd What is polyploidy? In what type of organisms does this mostly occur? Why? - chromosomal condition involving more than two sets of chromosomes. Cell with 2 copies of each choromosome from each parent species. Because polyploid cells not have pairs of chromosomes meiosis can occur. Mostly occur in plants. Example: Canola. Define adaptive radiation- rapid emergence of many species from a single species that has been introduced to a new environment. Describe two explanations of speciation: gradualism- speciation through gradual change over long periods of time. punctuated equilibrium- long periods of stasis may periodically be punctuated by random bursts of speciation. -Punctuated What are the three domains? Types of organisms in each? Cell type? - Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya. Bacteria: Prokaryotic. Most single celled 4,000 known. Examples: E-Coli, Salmonella, etc.
Archaea: Prokaryotic. Extreme environments. 1,000 known. Example: Thermus Aquaticus. Eukarya: Plantae (300,000), Animalia(1,000,000), Fungi(100,000), Protista(15,000). Eukaryotic. Examples: Plants, Fish, Bears, Humans, Mushrooms, Algae, Spiders, Etc. Define systematics- biological discipline concerned with establishing degrees of relatedness among both living and extinct species. Systematists establish evolutionary family trees (phylogenies) by reviewing different evidence like radiometric dating, fossils, and DNA sequence. They determine evolutionary relationships among species. Most today is molecular work. Define and compare homology and analogy with examples. - Homology - common structures in different organisms that result from common ancestry. Example: bones of wing and bongs of arm, wing bones seem to get closer together... Analogy- characters of similar function and superficial structure that have not arisen from common ancestry. Example: one toed foot of a litoptern and one toed foot of a horse. Define cladistics cladogram. Diagram an example. - centrally concerned with establishing lines of descent, although species can be put into taxonomic categories that are derived from cladistic analysis. What does the acronym DKPCOFGS represent? Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species LESSON 25 – Biodiversity (Belk, Ch. 12) Define: biodiversity- variety within and among living species Compare prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Describe characteristics and examples of each. - Pro- No Nucleus. Eu- Nucleus. What are the three Domains? - Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya Which kinds of organisms fit into each domain? See previous! DKPCOFGS – What does this represent? - Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Doman Archaea - Describe characteristics and examples. Where do they live? - Prokaryotic. Without peptidoglycan and with similarities to Eykarya in genome organization and control. Extreme envrionments. Domain Bacteria – o Describe characteristics and examples.- Prokaryotic. Mostly single-celled. Cell wall containing peptidoglycan. Wide diversity. Some can make own food. Most harmless to humans. Decompose dead organisms. o What are the three shapes? - Rod, Spheres (cocci), Spiral (spirilla) o Why are cyanobacteria so important to early life? o In what environments are these organisms found: halophiles, methanogens, thermophiles Domain Eukarya -- Kingdom Fungi o Describe characteristics- Eukaryotic. o unique structures (what are hyphae, mycelium?) o types of organisms- fungus, Mushrooms, etc...... o Be able to match types of organisms with their description (I will use your text descriptions)
o List the four characteristics common to all animals.- multicellular, heterotrophic, mobile during at least one stage of life, eukaryotic o Compare: invertebrate - no spine o vertebrate - spine o Be able to match types of organisms or characteristics to the groups: Porifera- Underwater surface. Filter bacteria from water which is drawn in through pores. Sponges. Marine, some freshwater. Simple. No organs or real tissues. Many have branching cavities and complex folding of body cells. Many shapes and sizes. Cnidaria- Mostly marine. Sac-like body with single opening for mouth + anus. Free swimming (medusa). 2 Layers of tissue separated by one non-living layer. Jellyfish, corals, hydras, anemones. Platyhelminthes- Marine, freshwater, terrestrial. Soft-bodied. Free-living and parasitic. 2 or more hosts within lifetime. Flatworms! Mollusca- Mostly marine, some freshwater. Soft-bodied. Non-segmented. Most have shells. Muscular foot for locomotion. Visceral mass containing internal organs. Fold of tissue called mantle which secretes shell. Most have radula to scrape food. Snails, Chiton, Scallops, Octopus. Annelida- Almost all marine, some freshwater and terrestrial. Highly developed. True body cavity and complex circulatory system. Partitioning of body into ring-like segments. Lugworm, Clam, Worms, Leeches. Nematoda- abundant and successful. Thin. Non-segmented. Cylindrical bodies tapered at both ends. Covered with tough cuticle. Longitudinal muscles. Thrashing movements. Feed on microorganisms and decaying organic material. Nematodes! Arthropoda- Segmented. Joint appendages for defense, walking, feeding, sensation, and reproduction. Exoskeleton made from protein and chitin. Developed nervous system and sensory organs. Millipedes, centipedes, spiders, crabs, beetles, mites, etc. Echinodermata- Spiny-skinned, marine. Radically symmetrical. Think skin covering endoskeleton of calcareous ossicles. Unique water vascular system. Sand dollars, sea stars, urchins. Chordata-Two types: vertebrata and chordate. Platypus! Vertebrata: Segmented vertebral backbone. Head with sensory organs and brain protected by skull. Chambered heart with closed circulatory system. Chordate: Flexible rod that runs the length of body for skeletal support. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord. Pharyngeal gill slits modified for other functions in vertebrates. Tail past anus. Frog, tunicates, squid. o Compare radial symmetry and bilateral symmetry. Be able to identify organisms belonging to each. What is the Cambrian explosion? - by 530 million years ago all modern animal groups were present. most appeared quickly in fossil record. multicellular organisms quickly proliferated. Explain the theory of endosymbiosis to explain the diversity of eukaryotes -
How are viruses different from “living” organisms? LESSON 26 – Population Ecology (Belk, Ch. 13) Define ecology- study of interaction among organisms and between organisms and their environment. population- all members of a species living in a defined area at the same time population density- measure of number per unit area. List the hierarchy of life and where ecology starts How does a population achieve zero population growth?- number of births balanced by number of deaths. What is exponential growth? (be able to diagram, labeling x and y axis) - population size grows by increasing increments during successive intervals. the larger the population, the more individuals reproduce. Example: Human population. Define biotic potential- max rate of increase per individual under ideal conditions. Varies between species. It is barely reached in nature. limiting factor- essential resource that is in short supply. determines population size. Example: tree with bird nests all over it. Food, water, shelter, and space. carrying capacity- (K) the max number of individuals that can be supported indefinitely in a given environment. Describe density-dependent- logistic. limiting factors become more intense as population size increases. disease, competition, parasites, toxic effects of waste products. can decrease birth rates, increase death, or both. " factors that increase with population size." i.e. limited food supply, increased disease risk, waste increase. density-independent factors- not influenced by population numbers. i.e. droughts, temperature extremes, natural disasters. Be able to diagram logistic growth curve and label the diagram.- when population size is limited by carrying capacity. as size of population increases, rate of reproduction decreases. What has led to the increase in human population?- expanding into new habitats/climates. agriculture and fossil fuels increased carrying capacity. hygeine and meds neutralize density dependent controls.
What decomposers are responsible for the cycling of nutrients in an ecosystem? Which organism are the first tropic levels of most food chains? Energy input into an ecosystem comes from what source? Define niche- totality of an organism's adaptations, its use of resources, and lifestyle to which it is fitted. all aspects of existence. physical, chemical, biological factors needed to survive. community- all populations that live together in a habitat. shaped by climate, topography, food and resources, adaptive traits, species interactions, population size/pattern. biodiversity- variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome, or on the entire Earth. Define symbiosis- intimate relationship between members of 2 or more species. Give examples of commensalism- one species benefits and other is neither harmed nor helped. i.e. trees and plants on trees. the "epiphytes" anchors on trees and benefits by being closer to sunlight. Tree is not affected. mutualism- symbiotic relationship in which both members benefit. i.e. anemone and fish. fish chases away butterfly fish that eat anemone, and fish gets protection and shelter. parasitism- one species is benefited and one is harmed. parasites, mites, honeybees. What is the competitive exclusion principle? - reduction or elimination of one species in an environment resulting from the presence of another species that requires that same or similar resources. One species excludes another from a portion of the same niche as a result of competition for resources. Resource partitioning? - coexisting species' niche differ from each other in some way. i.e. Warbler birds in the same tree but living in different sections of the tree. Describe prey mechanisms to avoid predation in both plants and animals. - camouflage, warning coloration, mimicry. What is mimicry?- when organisms copy others to make them seem dangerous... i.e. bugs that are colored black and yellow but can't really sting like a yellow jacket. What are the first species to appear during ecological succession?- What is a keystone species? - species that has an unusually strong effect on the structure of the community it inhabits. How predator-prey relationships fluctuate? - Type I- each predator consumes constant number of prey over time. Type II- consumption of prey by each predator increases but not as fast as increases in prey density. Type III- predator response is lowest when prey density of lowest. Why are exotic or invasive species bad?- just not native The greatest diversity of life is found where relative to the equator? What are hotspots? What is conservation biology? - systematic study of biodiversity. works to decipher evolutionary and ecological origins of biodiversity. LESSON 28 – Biomes (Belk, Ch. 15; Student presentations/discussion) Define climate. How does it compare with weather? - average conditions of a place measured over many years. Weather is current conditions in terms of temperature, cloud cover, and precipitation. What causes global air circulation? - What is a temperate zone? - zone of moderate temperatures. wet. What is the link between ocean currents and climate?
Define rain shadow and its effects. For each of the following biomes, identify the: climate (temperature/precipitation), generalized location in the world, representative flora/fauna, unique features/characteristics, human impacts). o BIOMES: Tundra o taiga (boreal forest) o temperature deciduous forest o desert o tropical rain forest o grasslands- Savanna- warm/hot. 50.8-127 annual rainfall. 6-8 months of rain, long period of drought. India, Africa, Australia, South America. Scattered trees. Cover half of African continent. Maintained by fires and animals. Sandy soil. Temperate- hot summers cold winters. moderate rainfall. South Africa, Hungary, Argentina, Uruguay, Soviet Union, North America. Tall grass parries (98% gone) and short grass steppes. Rich soil. Both- Flora include lots of GRASS. Milkweed, ironweed, lupine, other flowering grass. Some trees. Fauna- Elephants, giraffes, cheetahs, gophers, wolves, etc. Human Impact- large areas turned into farmland. Hunting of animals. Expansion. Pollution. o chaparral Sustainability and HCC: Name three types of alternative energy used at HCC and where are they located. Solar Pannels- on top of buildings like Aberdeen. Wind turbine- near joppa, by the science pond Give examples how we save energy and water on campus. - we use alternate energy like solar and wind. we reuse the water that comes off of the roof (runoff water) from rain.
