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Chapter 1 Review Terms Term Information Mesopotamia Modern day Iraq, Syria. -Greek for b/w two rivers Tigris & Euphrates. Developed out of necessity. The Sumerians People in southern part of Sumer Developed wheel, plow, orchards, metal castings (statues), writing (cuneiform) Uruk First city developed walled city 6 miles of wall, semi circular towers-many! Made from sun baked mud brick walls. Cuneiform 3500-3100bc system of writing, record keeping Ziggurat Building- multi step platform on top shrine-idol Kish City w. first kings? Ku-Baba Queen c2400bc
- Women of wine, grape grower merchant, tavern keeper Sargon C 2371-2316bc 55 yrs. Most important ruler of Mesopotamia. -First great conqueror, first empire- Akkadian capital Akkad Enheduanna Sargonâs daughter priestess first author- hymns. Uru-Inim-Gina Hammurabi 6 th^ king of Babylon c1792-1750bc -law code 282 laws Class society nobles, commoners, slaves- not equal before law The Nile River Life blood of Egypt -longest river in world -flows south to north -Empties in Mediterranean -floods in august, every. Namer c. 3100bc first king of upper & lower Egypt. Combines crowns unified country Maat The Step Pyramid Begins as a mastaba-bench becomes a six step pyramid Built in Saqqara (Sakkara) Built for Djoser pharaoh 2668- The Red Pyramid Second built in the south by Snefru 2613-2589bc buried there. Red because color of stones in evening sun-341 feet
high. The Pyramids at Giza 3 pyramids -Great- Khufu-481 feet -Medium-Khafre-447 ½ feet high Smallest-Menkaure-228 feet high Great Pyramid Largest ever constructed Largest all stone building Today is 451 feet was 481. Sides 755 feet Base 13 acres 2.3 million Stones took 20yrs to build The Great Sphinx Built by Khafre body of lion head of a man. Purpose-protecting Height 66 feet length 240 feet. Oldest large scale royal portrait know Largest statue from ancient world The Hyksos 1650bc take over Egypt Introduce innovation in warfare- horse and chariot. Good archers Ruled for 100 yrs Seem to be from Syria/Palestine Hatshepsut Daughter of Thutmose I Regent for stepson nephew - Thutmose III Wants to be pharaoh herself. Pharaoh c1473-1458bc. Not that bad of a ruler, promotes trade Built temple Deir-EL-Bahri. Dies at 50 Natural causes? Cancer? Akhenaten Real name-Amenhotep IV 1352-1336bc. Marries Nefertiti. Fifth yr abolishes worships of all gods. Closes all temples. New main god Aten. New capital 6th^ yr Akhetaten (El-Amarna) Great royal wife-Nefertiti- 6 daughters Greatly beloved wife-Kiya-2 sons 1 daughter. GRW 2 Daughter #1-Meritaten has daughter with. Husband Smenkhkare (son by kiya & co ruler for last yrs) GRW 3 Daughter #2-Neketaten died during child birth. GRW 4 daughter #3-Ankhesenpaaten have daughter together. Tutankhamun-King Tut 8 yrs old Ay-Vizer for Tut 2 nd^ yr- everything restored. Married Ankhesenpaaten (Ankhesenamun) Dies at 17 from infection in leg-gangrene
Term Information Philip II King of Macedonia 359-336bc brave solider good commander. Conquers many places Master of Greece-8 yrs. 7 wives 3 rd^ Olympias has son-Alexander the great. 7 th^ Cleopatra has son Pausanias Male-lover? Alexanderthe Great (Alexander III) 336-323b.c. 19yrs old king Horse-Bucephalus has for 20yrs Never was defeated. Liberates Egypt-Becomes Pharaoh. Master of Persia 327bc Wife1 Roxane Marries 2 women in Persia -1 is darriusâ daughter Dies June 10 coffin missing now. 3000 mile empire Chapter 5 Review Terms Punic Wars Hannibal Marius Spartacus Led 3rd^ slave revolt 73-71bc, a gladiator, escape-S.Italy other slaves join 70,000- 120,000. Body never found Julius Caesar 59bc-counsul In Gaul 58-50bc Conquers Gaul, 54bc goes into England. Jan. 1, 49 BC senate relieves him of armies and orders him to come back w/o armies. Doesnât listen bring armies w. him. Civil war b/w Caesar & Pompey Caesar wins. 46bc senate makes him dictator 46-44bc Increases senate, lowers taxes helps poor, Introduces Julian Calendar. Enters Senate killed by them stabbed 23 times March 15 dies. Made a god in 42B.C.
Triumvirate Latin for 3 men -Pompey Crassus Caesar -Mark Antony Lepidus Octavian Brutus One of Caesarâs friends. Also helped kill him. Fled Italy to Macedonia. Commit suicide. Mark Antony Friend of Caesar, turns people against assassins causes another civil war. Marries Octavia, Octavian sister. Leaves her for Cleopatra allies with Cleopatra VII. Have 3 children son and daughter in 40bc and 1 son in 36bc. Lost naval battle against Octavian. Tries to kill himself dies in her arms. Cleopatra 51-30bc Queen of Egypt. Has to marry brother Ptolemy XII. Has 3yr old son w. Caesar Ptolemy XV Caesar. Spoke Egyptian. Locks herself in her tomb commits suicide, in a basket of âevil figsâ was an Asp-snake bit her and she dies, buried next to Mark Antony. Octavian (Augustus) Goes against mark antony. January 27bc offers senate all his power. Augustus Octavianâs new name. First Roman Emperor. Chapter 6 Review Augustus Octavians name during his 45 yr reign. Pax Romana Latin for Roman Peas, the term refers to the period of peace and prosperity in the roman empire from ad 69 to 180 Jesus 6bc-30ad Pontius Pilate Roman governor Paul of Tarsusď St. Paul (aka Saul) Converts to Christianity in 33ad preaches evangelist
empire and govern by there own people along the Danube river. Pope Leo I Meets w. Attila the Hun and convinces him not to sack Rome. Romulus Augustulus Becomes emperor at 15. Oct 31 475-Sept 476. The Fall of the Roman Empire 476 in the west. Romulus gives up seat. The Byzantine Empire Roman empire in East 324- Justinian Corpus Juris Civilis (code of law) Chapter 8 Muhammadď 570-632 Born in Mecca prosperous business man marries Khadijuah in 595 prophet of Islamic religion Islam Monotheistic faith, teachings of what Allah said to Muhammad Koranď Qurâan Holy book of Islam, Muslims believe it is the word of God as reveled to Muhammad final revelation god has given. The 5 Pillars of Islam 1-Shahadah- profession of Faith 2-Salan-prayer worship 3-Zakah-religious duty to be generous to the poor 4-Sawn-fasting Ramadan holy month 5-Hajj-pilgramage to Mecca Hegria Name of journey-flight Mecca Commercial and religious city. Kaâban Cube in the center of the Grand Mosque in Mecca, black stone structure. Covered by a black silk cloth inside has marble floors Clovis c469 Leader of the Franks 481- converts to Christianity in c
Charles Martel 717-741 Mayor of the Palace makes army strong & effective force. Gives armor, horseback. Introduces vassalage Pepin the Short 751-768 Martelâs son. Mayor of the Palace, wants to be king turns to Pope Zacharias for help, he says go head Pope Stephen II has problems w. the Lombard tribes in Italy, goes to Pepin for help, 754 he invades Italy and defeats them, gives lands to church. Pope Zacharias 741-752 tells Pepin to be king. Charlemagne 768-814 was a conqueror, religious reformer, state builder, patron of the arts, 53 military campaigns, very successful. Territory- France, Belgium, Holland (Netherlands) Most of Germany half of France and Northern Spain. Divides territory in to 25 counties Missi Dominici Charlemagneâs royal inspectors, inspects the counts and counties Pope Leo III Goes to Charlemagne for help, December 25,800 crowns Charlemagne Emperor of the Romansď¨ Holy Roman Emperor Has three sons and divides empire among them. Dies at 71 yrs.old Treaty of Verdunď 843 Lothair- Emperor (title) Middle Italy-north Sea Charles the bald-western part (France) Louis the German-eastern part (Germany) Chapter 9
Richard the Lion Heart Great warrior not good king. 1189 becomes king 1194 leaves England and never goes back, uses it as a bank. Was only there 2 times for a total of 6 months. King John Forced to sign the Magna Carta (Great Charter)June 1215 says king is not above the law, must respect the traditions & rights of the nobility. Chapter 11 Pope Boniface VIII 1394-1303 Issues papal bull- Unam Sanctum in 1302 has problem w. Philip IV, men sent by Philip rough him up and lock him up he dies a month later. Avignon Papacy French popes The Great Schism 1378-1417 3 âpopesâ The Council of Constance 1414-1417 convened by Holy Roman Emperor to deal w. schism and church reformâŚ. Ends with the election of Pope Martin V. King Edward III The 100 Yearâs WAR FRENCH WIN!
1337-1453 ENGLISH VS FRENCH
fighting all in france 4 phases Phase 1-1337-1360 English wins. Phase 3- 1415- Phase 4-1422- Crecyď Battle English win 1346 Poitiersď Battle 1356 E. wins⌠captures French king John II during battle Agincourtď Battle October 25,1415 E. out# French get mowed down Henry V (English) captures Normandy 1420
Joan of Arcď 1412-1431 1424 hears voices, has visions. Arc Angel Michael, St. Margret, St. Catherine..1428 voices say you have a mission help Charles be crowned and drive English out. July 17, Reims Charles crowned king. Captured by Burgundians on May 24,14301. May 23 1431 charged w. heresy & witchcraft May 30 burned at the stake The Black Death Plague wiped out portion of europes population b/w 1348- 1351 Chapter 12 The Renaissance Rebirth 1350-1550. Admired classical world art literature. Birthplace N. Italy The Five Powers 1. Florence^ ď Republic
- Venice ď Republic
- Milan ď ruled by duke--Duchy
- Papal States
- Naples ď Kingdom Florence Very prosperous banking, wool. Merchants and trading. Bankers wealthy, powerful Medici Family Banking empire.^ Cosmo richest man in Christian world, ruler of Florence in 1434 Pazzi Conspiracy Rival banking family. Plans to kill Lorenzo and Giuliano Medici, kills Giuliano in church not Lorenzo Renaissance Art Architecture, sculpture, painting. Giotto ď c 1267-1337 Father of renaissance painting Inspires others, painted wooden panels & Frescos Jan Van Eyckď c 1390-1441 Life like details, oil paint, thin brushes
- Anne--d.Elizabeth 3. Jane-- s.Edward Changes churches. Divorces wives Catherine of Aragon First wife actually loved each other has daughter Mary, Henry thinks marriage is cursed, sheâs his sister in law. Cardinal Wolsey Rich, many titles sent to get annulment, loses titles after Henry hears no. Anne Boleyn 2 nd^ wife secretly married on Jan 25 1533 after becoming pregnant. Has Elizabeth. May 19 1536 executed inside Tower of London The Kings Great Matter 1527-1533 âtrialâ for annulment. Pope Clement VII Says he wants to hear everything about the trial sends a bishop to hear everything. Pope says NO! The Act of Supremacy England breaks away from Pope in 1534. Queen Mary I (Bloody Mary) 1553-1558. Brings back Catholicism heretics 283 burned at stake in less than 4 years. Queen Elizabeth I 1558-1603. Establishes moderate Protestantism, sheâs supreme governor of church Counter Reformation Catholic response to protestant reformation (mid 1500s) Jesuits Society of Jesus founded by Loyola in 1534. Loyal to church establish schools and colleges Pope Paul III 1534-1549. Encouraged by Charles V to have church council- Council of Trent Council of Trent Reassessment they re-affirm everything except indulgences are still good but you canât sell them
Charles V King of spain 1516-1556. Holy roman emperor 1519-1556. Worried about protestants spreading The Peace of Augsburg 1555. Based on principle: whoever rules, his religion. The ruler of a territory determines the religion. TEST 1 CHAPTER 13 James I 1603-1625 Commissioned king James bible in
- 3 kids survived. First king of England and Scotland. Never had enough money Charles I 1625-1649 Jamesâ son. Short, doesnât have enough money. He economized made sure taxes collected. Problems w. scots about religion.. 1639 scots rebel. Aug. 1640 scots cross borders & stay in 2 counties. Nov. 1640 calls parliament to get army, they just give demands. He agrees to their demand for constitutional reform. Jan 4 1642 goes to parl. W. troops to arrest 5 members that were speaking out about him. Members tipped off & escape. Surrenders self to scots during war. Charged w. treason in dec. 1648, sentenced to death jan 27 1649.
public office Exclusion Bill doesnât allow a king to be catholic James II 1685-1688 CATHOLIC! Had 2 daughters 1 son James 6/10/1688. Invaded by scots tries to flee to france, caught and returned to London, William lets him leaves, he escapes from a house. William King of England 1689- Husband to mary invited by whigs & tories to invade England. (Scottish) gets army of about 21000 11/5/1688 lands in S.W. England, has British support. Tells james to leave. Feb.13 1689 takes thrown. Mary Queen 1689- Jamesâ daughter marries William in 1677 at age 15. They LOVE each other, have no kids. Declaration of Rights Issued by parliament, England becomes a constitutional monarchy, partnership b/w king/queen & parliament, regular meetings of parliament, and no catholic king.
The Glorious Revolution George I Whigs Oppose james. Govât group Tories Support james. Govât group Robert Walpole Cardinal Richelieu 1586-1642 Chief minister to Louis XIII. Good manager, power behind throne. Hand picks governors. Rasion Dâetat (reason of state) Put counties needs above all others. Intendants Helpers, kept eye on local authorities & report back. Cardinal Mazarin 1602-1661 Teaches louis everything. Dies in 1661
St. Petersburg May 1703 founded by Peter a seaport city, port open to Baltic, easier access to west. Moves capital there in 1710. Chapter 15 Industrial Revolution James Hargrevaes Richard Arkwright Steam Engine James Watt Chapter 18
Louis XVI 1774-1792 Inherits large deficit, spends too much had recession, bad harvests, shortages of wheat=violence. Placed troop Versailles & paris. After bastille, removes them. Tries to escape to Austria after the constitution, caught brought back to paris agrees to constitution. Put on trial Dec. 11 1792 for treason, found guilty Jan 15 1793, killed 1/21/1793 @ 10:22am, guillotined. Estates-General Govât 3 âpartsâ The 3 estates 1 clergy 2 nobility 3 everyone else Abbeâ Sieyes Published famous pamphlet What is the Third Estate? EVERYTHING! The National Assembly 3 rd^ estateâs new name 6/17/1789. The Oath of the Tennis Court N.A. locked out, met on tennis court, vowed not to stop meeting until we write a constitution. Begins French revolution.
