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Chinese Commercial Revolution, Mongol Impact, and Medical Views: World History Study Guide, Study notes of World History

Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania (SU)World History

A comprehensive study guide for the world history final exam, focusing on the chinese commercial revolution, mongol impact, and medical views. Topics include the song dynasty, jin empire, neo-confucianism, southeast asia, and various historical figures. It covers agricultural advancements, social developments, religious life, and the impact of the mongols on administrative, social, cultural, and political aspects.

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World History Final Exam Study Guide

•Chinese Commercial Revolution

•Song dynasty

•960-1279

•Dynasty that ruled a united China from the northern capital of Kaifeng from 960

to 1126 and only the southern half of the empire from 1127 to 1276

•Huge bureaucracy

•Greater civilian rule as opposed to military rule

•Civil service exams

•Military problems

•Leadership

•External threats

•Jin empire

•Dynasty of the Jurchen people of Manchuria that ruled northern

China from 1127 to 1234, when the Mongols defeated their armies

•Modeled their government on that of the Song dynasty

•Northern and Southern Song

•Agricultural advancements

•New rice

•Improved use of technology

•Abundant food supply

•Social development

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World History Final Exam Study Guide

Chinese Commercial Revolution
- Song dynasty
  - 960-
  - Dynasty that ruled a united China from the northern capital of Kaifeng from 960 to 1126 and only the southern half of the empire from 1127 to 1276
  - Huge bureaucracy
    - Greater civilian rule as opposed to military rule
    - Civil service exams
  - Military problems
    - Leadership
    - External threats
      - Jin empire
        
        Dynasty of the Jurchen people of Manchuria that ruled northern China from 1127 to 1234, when the Mongols defeated their armies
        
        Modeled their government on that of the Song dynasty
    - Northern and Southern Song
- Agricultural advancements
  - New rice
  - Improved use of technology
  - Abundant food supply
- Social development

Social distinctions lessened to some extent
Foot-binding
Tea drinking
Chinese manufacturing and innovations
Manufacturing revolution: produced finished goods for large-scale trade
Chinese innovations: compass, boat rudders, grid map, improved metal works, crossbow, stirrup, gunpowder, porcelain paper, moveable type
Religious life
Neo-Confucianism
Zhu Xi (1130-1200 CE)
Daily religious beliefs
Southeast Asia
Vietnam
Ly Dynasty
981/1009-
The independent rulers of Vietnam who claimed to have the Mandate of Heaven to rule the southern empire of China
Adopted the Tang Code in 1042 and accepted tributary status, acknowledging the superiority of the Chinese emperor
Korea
Koryo Dynasty
936-

Families of the chiefs
- Chief's sons and grandsons formed group which future rulers were chosen
Tanistry
- Process used to choose a new leader
- Most qualified members of the chief's family led the band
- Contenders had to prove their ability to lead by defeating their rivals in battle
Khuriltai
- Assembly that gathered to claim the new leader
Darughachi
- Regional governor appointed by the leaders of the Mongols after they conquered a new territory
- Main task was to collect the required taxes
Successor States
Yuan Dynasty
Khubilai
Unification of north and south China
Control of Korea; failed attempt to control Vietnam and Japan
Changes in lives of Chinese
Suspended civil service exams
Support of Chinese economic, political, and social life
Life under Mongol rule
Peasants- revolted eventually

Artisans
Merchants
- Ortogh (merchant association)
Capital city
Religion- Neo-Confucian examination curriculum testing
Culture
Medieval Western Europe
Administrative, social, cultural, political aspects
Those Who Work
Improved agriculture
Better weather, cultivated more land, improved technology
Cerealization
Effects of improved agriculture
Better yield, no widespread famine/improved diet, changed relative expectancies, population growth, improved standard of living, economic impact
Village
Community of peasants
Farming
Not usually economically self-sufficient
Manor
Linked landowner and tenants

Associations formed by members of the same trade that regulated prices and working hours and covered members' burial costs
Urban households
Those who Fight
Land-holding aristocracy
Erosion of lord/vassal agreement; paid troops (scutage)
Knights
Primarily used like weapons
Reason for existence = fighting
Supposed to protect church and society; lot of attention to their own self- interests
Tournaments
Other duties and leisure activities
Those Who Pray
Village/urban priests
New spirituality within the Catholic Church
Emotionalism
More focus on Christ's suffering
Elevation of Virgin Mary
"God of Love"
Relics
Firmer control of the sacraments

Heresy
- Waldensians
Changes in monastic life
- Cluniac movement
- Mendicant orders
  - Dominicans and Franciscans
  - Women?
Papal reform (Gregorian reforms)
Crusades
Why now?
Response to appeal of Pope Urban II, 11/27/
"Popular Crusade" 1095
Peasants
First Crusade, 1096
Capture Jerusalem; setup Crusader States
Muslims start reclaiming territory, 1144
Salah al-Din recaptures Jerusalem, 1187
Various crusades led through 1272
Last Christian stronghold (Acre) falls, 1291
Long term influence of the Crusades to the Holy Land
New ideas
Commerce/trade

Extremely influential in Western/Islamic medicine
Avicenna
11th century Persian philosopher and physician
Brought together medical treatments from different cultures
Canon of Medicine^ became of the most important medical books until the 17th century
Constantine the African
Translated Islamic medical texts into Latin
Combined Greek and Latin thoughts, as well as some of his own thoughts, into one "big picture" of medicine
The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine
Huagndi Neijing
Collection of medical writings compiled as early as 2nd century BCE
Served as the basis for medical theories in China, Korea, Japan, and Southeast Asia for thousands of years
Chi: Yin and Yang
Yin
Dark, cold, wet, female
Yang
Light, heat, dry, male
To be a complete person you must have some yin and some yang
Acupuncture

Medieval Views of Reproduction
- Western/Islamic
  - Importance of heat
  - Roles of mother and father in conception
    - Aristotle's view vs. Galen's view
  - Reading from Avicenna
  - Reading from Trotula
- Eastern
  - Highway channel and conception channel
  - Roles of mother and father in conception
  - Reading from Zhang Huang
- Anatomy
- Problems conceiving
  - Constantine the African
  - Troula of Salerno
  - Yuan Huang
- Giving Birth
  - Rosslin
- Child birth doesn't always go easily
Black Death :^ Causes,^ Reactions , Effects
Causes
Came to European ports from somewhere in Asia

Itzcoatl (1428-1440) and Motecuzoma I (1440-1469)
Tribute
Military elite
Priests
Cultivators
Calpulli
Slaves
Artisans and merchants
Women- no place in public; could participate in trade
Education
Temple school- three years for upper class
Military training
Calendar
Calpulli- peasant
How to use weapons
Religious rituals
House of Song
More than 1600 gods, but had 2 principal gods: Tezcatlipoca ("smoking mirror") and Quetzalcoatl ("feathered serpent")
World created and nourished by sacrifices of the gods, so sacrificial bloodletting to appease gods (self-sacrifice and human sacrifice)
South American societies

Inca
- Settled in areas around Lake Titicaca in mid 13th century
- 1438: Pachacuti's military campaigns of expansion begin
- By late 1400s, empire = 2500 miles long
- Hostages/military
- Quipu- communication
- Road system
  - 9944 miles of road
- Punishment- very severe
- Ruling elite
  - Mummies
- Aristocrats and priests
- Cultivators- peasants
  - Ayllu- communal farming
  - Compulsory labor
- Major god = Inti; Viracocha was another popular god
- Divine natural forces
- Sacrifices to god = animal or agricultural
- Moral elements
  - Concept of sin
  - Reward or punishment in afterlife
  - Rituals of confession and penance

Chinese Commercial Revolution, Mongol Impact, and Medical Views: World History Study Guide, Study notes of World History

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Partial preview of the text

Download Chinese Commercial Revolution, Mongol Impact, and Medical Views: World History Study Guide and more Study notes World History in PDF only on Docsity!

World History Final Exam Study Guide