LUTHER & THE REFORMATION, 1517 - 1555

Lecture Guide 6

I RENAISSANCE ECONOMIC CHANGES B> REFORMATION

A NEW MERCHANT CLASS GROWING: Profit, Individualism, Literacy, ASecularism@

B EUROPE CHANGING: Questioning Status quo (Americas discovered 1492ff)

II WORLD AT BIRTH OF MARTIN LUTHER, 1483 (1483-1546)

A GERMANY CHANGING: Towns growing, Mines humming, Printing, Universities (like Wittenberg!)

B REST OF EUROPE:

1 Italy = Habsburg-Valois Wars

2 High Renaissance in North

a in Germany, Renaissance fades into Reformation

bbecause Germany Renaissance was always more pietistic (look it up!)

C LUTHER=S FAMILY TYPICAL OF CHANGES

1 Father = Hans = peasant = mining entrepreneur who became comfortable

2 Hans wanted Luther to become a lawyer (all business families need a lawyer!)

D LUTHER = NON-compliant w/ father=s plans & Troubled by guilt

1AConverted@ to monastic life in thunder-lightening storm

2 Entered Augustinian Monastery at Erfurt, Saxony against father=s wishes

EAGERMAN@ POLITICAL SITUATION = VERY IMPORTANT

1 NO Germany, just fractured states of HRE owing nominal fealty to HR Emperor

2 7 Electors of Holy Roman Emperor

a Margrave of Brandenburg

b King of Bohemia

c Count Palatine of the Rhine

d ELECTOR OF SAXONY = Luther=s prince

e Prince-Bishop of Mainz

f Prince-Bishop of Trier

g Prince-Bishop of Cologne

3 Principalities of HRE = area of Europe most inclined to Afeud@ w/ Papacy

a long HX (History) of disputes going back to Investiture Controversy

b tired of Aultramontane meddling@ (from beyond mountains)

III CHANGES BETWEEN BIRTH AT 1483 AND BEG. OF REFORMATION IN 1517

A COLUMBUS B> AMERICA

1 Material world becomes more defined

2 BUT spawns many questions regarding monopoly on truth by HMC

B NATIONALITIES FORMING: More defined (esp. England, France, Spain, Portugal)

C CHURCH=S FAILURES APPARENT

1 Avignonese Papacy (ABabylonian Captivity of the Church) 1350 -1377: near & dominated by France

2 Great Schism 1377 - 1415: 2 and sometimes 3 popes, excommunicating each other

3 IMMENSE WEALTH while poor starved

4 Venal (worldly) Churchmen: marrying or having concubines, interested in riches, charging for Sacraments

a Sacrament = a sacrosanct sign which produces or gives grace

b 7: Baptism, Marriage, Confirmation, Eucharist (Lord=s Supper), Extreme Unction / Last Rites, Holy Orders

IV LUTHER, THE REFORMER

A TROUBLED BY GUILT B Much penance, much anguish

1 Order Sent him to University B> Master of Arts, then Doctor ecclesiae / Doctor of the Church

2 Study of Book of Romans led Luther to discovery

a God wants Penitence (change of heart) not Penance (works to Amake up@

b Man is saved sola fide (by faith only)

cultimately, decided that the religious authority is sola scriptura (scripture only), NOT popes, councils, or dogmas

B BEGINNING OF REFORMATION:

1 ISSUE? INDULGENCES: John Tetzel, Dominican Monk, selling indulgences in Germany, Apr. 1517

a Albrecht, AB of Brandenburg buys AB of Mainz B> House of Brandenburg controls 2 votes for HRE

b Luther incensed by statements like: AThe minute the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs@

c KNOW DATE: 1517 (Oct. 31): Luther=s 95 Theses, castle church door, Wittenberg, Saxony

1) 95 Propositions to debate

2) Primarily re: financial policies of church: Souls cannot be Abought@ out of purgatory; If Pope CAN

forgive sins, do it and free souls from purgatory out of Christian love not money

2 LUTHER WENT TO ATTACK OTHER CATHOLIC DOCTRINES

a Amounts to attack on Power & Authority of Pope

b95 Theses picked up and translated from Latin to German & printed B & Clamor arose in Germany !!

V SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

A 1519 - 1520: LUTHER MOVED ON TO ATTACK

1 Church Councils & Catholic doctrines of various kinds

2 Sacraments: disallowed 5; left 2 B Lord=s Supper & Baptism

3 Ability of Church to reform herself: Address to the German Nobility says that Laymen should reform the church!

B 1520: SPIRITUAL BREAK & LUTHER BECOMES A HERETIC

1 Pope Leo X (Giovanni de= Medici): gave ML 60 days to recant or face excommunication

2 Luther: Against the Execrable Bull of Antichrist

3 Leo X: Excommunicated Luther & ordered his trial by secular authority (HRE)

C 1521: POLITICAL BREAK & LUTHER BECOMES AN OUTLAW

1 TRIAL: Diet of Worms, April 1521: Charles V, HRE presiding; Luther: AHere I stand. God help me. Amen@

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LUTHER & THE REFORMATION, 1517 - 1555

Lecture Guide 6 I RENAISSANCE ECONOMIC CHANGES B > REFORMATION A NEW MERCHANT CLASS GROWING: Profit, Individualism, Literacy, A Secularism @ B EUROPE CHANGING: Questioning Status quo (Americas discovered 1492ff) II WORLD AT BIRTH OF MARTIN LUTHER, 1483 (1483-1546) A GERMANY CHANGING: Towns growing, Mines humming, Printing, Universities (like Wittenberg!) B REST OF EUROPE: 1 Italy = Habsburg-Valois Wars 2 High Renaissance in North a in Germany, Renaissance fades into Reformation b because Germany Renaissance was always more pietistic (look it up!) C LUTHER = S FAMILY TYPICAL OF CHANGES 1 Father = Hans = peasant = mining entrepreneur who became comfortable 2 Hans wanted Luther to become a lawyer (all business families need a lawyer!) D LUTHER = NON-compliant w/ father = s plans & Troubled by guilt 1 A Converted @ to monastic life in thunder-lightening storm 2 Entered Augustinian Monastery at Erfurt, Saxony against father = s wishes E A GERMAN @ POLITICAL SITUATION = VERY IMPORTANT 1 NO Germany, just fractured states of HRE owing nominal fealty to HR Emperor 2 7 Electors of Holy Roman Emperor a Margrave of Brandenburg b King of Bohemia c Count Palatine of the Rhine d ELECTOR OF SAXONY = Luther = s prince e Prince-Bishop of Mainz f Prince-Bishop of Trier g Prince-Bishop of Cologne 3 Principalities of HRE = area of Europe most inclined to A feud @ w/ Papacy a long HX (History) of disputes going back to Investiture Controversy b tired of A ultramontane meddling @ (from beyond mountains) III CHANGES BETWEEN BIRTH AT 1483 AND BEG. OF REFORMATION IN 1517 A COLUMBUS B > AMERICA 1 Material world becomes more defined 2 BUT spawns many questions regarding monopoly on truth by HMC B NATIONALITIES FORMING: More defined (esp. England, France, Spain, Portugal) C CHURCH = S FAILURES APPARENT 1 Avignonese Papacy ( A Babylonian Captivity of the Church) 1350 -1377: near & dominated by France 2 Great Schism 1377 - 1415: 2 and sometimes 3 popes, excommunicating each other 3 IMMENSE WEALTH while poor starved 4 Venal (worldly) Churchmen: marrying or having concubines, interested in riches, charging for Sacraments a Sacrament = a sacrosanct sign which produces or gives grace b 7: Baptism, Marriage, Confirmation, Eucharist (Lord = s Supper), Extreme Unction / Last Rites, Holy Orders IV LUTHER, THE REFORMER A TROUBLED BY GUILT B Much penance, much anguish 1 Order Sent him to University B > Master of Arts, then Doctor ecclesiae / Doctor of the Church 2 Study of Book of Romans led Luther to discovery a God wants Penitence (change of heart) not Penance (works to A make up @ b Man is saved sola fide (by faith only) c ultimately , decided that the religious authority is sola scriptura (scripture only), NOT popes, councils, or dogmas B BEGINNING OF REFORMATION: 1 ISSUE? INDULGENCES: John Tetzel, Dominican Monk, selling indulgences in Germany, Apr. 1517 a Albrecht, AB of Brandenburg buys AB of Mainz B > House of Brandenburg controls 2 votes for HRE b Luther incensed by statements like: A The minute the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs @ c KNOW DATE: 1517 (Oct. 31): Luther = s 95 Theses , castle church door, Wittenberg, Saxony

95 Propositions to debate
Primarily re: financial policies of church: Souls cannot be A bought @ out of purgatory; If Pope CAN forgive sins, do it and free souls from purgatory out of Christian love not money 2 LUTHER WENT TO ATTACK OTHER CATHOLIC DOCTRINES a Amounts to attack on Power & Authority of Pope b 95 Theses picked up and translated from Latin to German & printed B & Clamor arose in Germany !! V SUBSEQUENT EVENTS A 1519 - 1520: LUTHER MOVED ON TO ATTACK 1 Church Councils & Catholic doctrines of various kinds 2 Sacraments: disallowed 5; left 2 B Lord = s Supper & Baptism 3 Ability of Church to reform herself: Address to the German Nobility says that Laymen should reform the church! B 1520: SPIRITUAL BREAK & LUTHER BECOMES A HERETIC 1 Pope Leo X (Giovanni de = Medici): gave ML 60 days to recant or face excommunication 2 Luther: Against the Execrable Bull of Antichrist 3 Leo X: Excommunicated Luther & ordered his trial by secular authority (HRE) C 1521: POLITICAL BREAK & LUTHER BECOMES AN OUTLAW 1 TRIAL: Diet of Worms, April 1521: Charles V, HRE presiding; Luther: A Here I stand. God help me. Amen @

2 VERDICT: Edict of Worms, May 1521 = Luther = outlaw & condemned (to stake) a BUT, Political Situation intervened because Luther = s Prince = Elector Frederick of Saxony = a Lutheran

Willing to disobey his Prince, the HRE
& accept breach w/ HMC b Frederick spirited Luther away to fortress of Wartburg til storm blew over c Hence, Luther lived to direct Reformation & avoided stake VI LUTHER AS LEADER OF REFORMATION, C. 25 YRS. A WHY DID REFORMATION COME WITH LUTHER? (& not earlier reformers) 1 Renaissance Individualism (spreading to Germany) B > Religious Individualism 2 Germany tired of A ultramontanism @ (control from beyond mountains) & sought freedom from HMC 3 Luther appealed to a NEW CLASS of people a Earlier A reforms @ kept w/n HMC because:
everything written in Latin
only Churchmen concerned themselves w/ such matters
only Churchmen were literate b Everything Luther wrote was translated or written in VERNACULAR (common German) B FIRST LEGALIZATION OF LUTHERANISM 1 RELIGIOUS WAR BEGINS IN GERMANY a Lutheran-German Princes rebelled against HRE B > War in Germany b Diet of SPEYER, 1529 to Settle Problems among princes
dominated by Catholic-German Princes
motion to ban practice of Lutheranism carried
Luther Princes & Cities Protested Diet = s statements B > Protestants c Protestants formed Schmalkaldic League, 1531: defensive league of Protestant Princes & Cities d Then, War off & on til 1555 2 PEACE OF AUGSBURG, 1555 a Peace between Lutheran-Princes & Catholic-Princes of HRE b PRINCIPLE: cuius regio eius regio -- Religion of Prince = Religion of his territory c 2 LEGAL Religions in Germany: Catholicism & Lutheranism d NOT A Religious Freedom @ or A Tolerance @ B That is 100+ years in future 3 IMPORTANCE? IRREPARABLE BREAK in a Medieval A Christian Republic @ to which all Europeans belonged regardless of nationality or language b UNIVERSAL Character of Medieval Christianity c Christian Unity

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LUTHER & THE REFORMATION, 1517 - 1555