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Study Guide for Microbiology for Science Major, Lecture notes of Microbiology

Brookhaven CollegeMicrobiology

This is the study guide abut Microbiology Mastering.

Typology: Lecture notes

2019/2020

Uploaded on 10/02/2020

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BIOL 2421
Chapter One Guide Exploring the Microbial World
Answer the questions at the end of each section. Learn the Key Terms from the Chapter Glossary and
work through the Review Questions and Application Questions at the end of the chapter.
1.1 Microorganisms, Tiny Titans of the Earth?
Define: microorganism, culture, medium, microbial growth, colony.
Describe the usefulness of microorganisms as tools for basic research.
1.2 Structure and Activities of Microbial Cells
Define: prokaryote, eukaryote, organelle, genome, nucleoid, Bacteria, Archaea, metabolism,
differentiation, evolution.
Describe the basic properties of cells (fig. 1.4).
Compare and contrast the basic structures of the eukaryotic cell and prokaryotic cell.
1.3 Cell Size and Morphology
Define: morphology, surface to volume ratio,
Describe the major morphologies of prokaryotic cells.
1.4 An Introduction to Microbial Life
Compare the characteristics of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
Describe how viruses differ from Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
1.5 Microorganisms and The Biosphere
Define: habitat, microbial community, ecosystem, extremophile, last universal common
ancestor (LUCA).
Describe how microbial cells originated.
Describe the impact on the Earth of the first phototrophic bacteria.
Describe how the domains of living things are related to one another (fig. 1.5b).
1.6 The Impact of Microorganisms on Human Society
Define: pathogen, nitrogen fixation, nutrient cycling, rumen, fermentation, biofuel.
Describe how bacteria can be both agents of disease and required for good health.
Describe how the toll of infectious disease has changed over time.
Describe the basic role of microorganisms in agriculture.
Describe and give examples of microorganisms in food production.
1.7 Light Microscopy and the Discovery of Microorganisms
Define: magnification, resolution, numerical aperture.
Describe the contributions of Robert Hooke, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, and Ferdinand Cohn.
Describe the parts of the bright field microscope (fig 1.15).
1.8 Improving Contrast in Light Microscopy
Define: acidic dye, basic dye, simple stain, differential stain, Gram stain,
Describe why and how dyes are used in staining microscope specimens.
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BIOL 2421

Chapter One Guide Exploring the Microbial World

Answer the questions at the end of each section. Learn the Key Terms from the Chapter Glossary and work through the Review Questions and Application Questions at the end of the chapter. 1.1 Microorganisms, Tiny Titans of the Earth?  Define: microorganism, culture, medium, microbial growth, colony.  Describe the usefulness of microorganisms as tools for basic research. 1.2 Structure and Activities of Microbial Cells  Define: prokaryote, eukaryote, organelle, genome, nucleoid, Bacteria , Archaea , metabolism, differentiation, evolution.  Describe the basic properties of cells (fig. 1.4).  Compare and contrast the basic structures of the eukaryotic cell and prokaryotic cell. 1.3 Cell Size and Morphology  Define: morphology, surface to volume ratio,  Describe the major morphologies of prokaryotic cells. 1.4 An Introduction to Microbial Life  Compare the characteristics of Bacteria , Archaea , and Eukarya.  Describe how viruses differ from Bacteria , Archaea , and Eukarya. 1.5 Microorganisms and The Biosphere  Define: habitat, microbial community, ecosystem, extremophile, last universal common ancestor (LUCA).  Describe how microbial cells originated.  Describe the impact on the Earth of the first phototrophic bacteria.  Describe how the domains of living things are related to one another (fig. 1.5b). 1.6 The Impact of Microorganisms on Human Society  Define: pathogen, nitrogen fixation, nutrient cycling, rumen, fermentation, biofuel.  Describe how bacteria can be both agents of disease and required for good health.  Describe how the toll of infectious disease has changed over time.  Describe the basic role of microorganisms in agriculture.  Describe and give examples of microorganisms in food production. 1.7 Light Microscopy and the Discovery of Microorganisms  Define: magnification, resolution, numerical aperture.  Describe the contributions of Robert Hooke, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, and Ferdinand Cohn.  Describe the parts of the bright field microscope (fig 1.15). 1.8 Improving Contrast in Light Microscopy  Define: acidic dye, basic dye, simple stain, differential stain, Gram stain,  Describe why and how dyes are used in staining microscope specimens.

BIOL 2421

Chapter One Guide Exploring the Microbial World

 Describe the advantage gained by use of each of the following types of microscopes: bright field, dark field, phase contrast, differential interference contrast, and fluorescence. 1.9 Imaging Cells in Three Dimensions  Define: differential interference contrast microscopy, confocal scanning laser microscopy. 1.10 Probing Cell Structure: Electron Microscopy  Define: transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thin section  Describe how contrast is achieved in electron microscopy.  Contrast how magnification is achieved in light vs. electron microscopy. 1.11 Pasteur and Spontaneous Generation  Define: spontaneous generation, infectious disease, alcoholic fermentation, sterile  Describe the two major questions that motivated Pasteur’s work on microorganisms.  Describe Pasteur’s experiments with the swan-necked flasks. What did they prove? (fig. 1.26)  List some of Pasteur’s accomplishments. 1.12 Koch, Infectious Disease, and Pure Culture  Define: germ theory of disease, Koch’s postulates, pure culture, taxonomy, bacterial colony, animal model system, agar  Describe how Koch arrived at the set of criteria known as Koch’s Postulates. (fig 1.29)  Describe the importance of obtaining a suspected pathogen in pure culture. Describe Koch’s technique to obtain a pure culture.  Describe how Koch’s postulates are used to determine the causative agent of an infectious disease. 1.13 Discovery of Microbial Diversity  Define: enrichment culture.  Describe the usefulness of the enrichment culture technique. 1.14 Molecular Basis of Life  Describe Griffith’s experiment and the role bacteria played in determining that DNA is the hereditary molecule. 1.15 Woese and the Tree of Life  Define: ribosomal RNA, phylogenetic tree  Describe why rRNA is a good molecule to use to look back at the origin of cells.  Describe how Carl Woese discovered the extent of microbial diversity.  Describe how the phylogenetic tree of life represents the evolutionary relationships among organisms.