Christopher Whitcomb
Biology 2101
Mid-Term #1
Study Guide
1. Polarity – The more an atom wants electrons (0>>N>C≈H)
2. Moles – A way to standardize the quantity of molecules with different elements.
a. Grams/Atomic Weight = Moles (g/mol)
3. Energy
a. Entropy (S)- the amount of disorder
in any system.
b. Enthalpy (H) – the amount of heat
in any system.
c. Gibbs Free Energy (G) – The capacity
of a system to do work (whether a
reaction will take place)
i. ∆G = ∆H-T (∆S)
S- Entropy, H-Enthalpy,
G-Free Energy, T- Absolute T.
d. Exergonic reaction – A spontaneous reaction that will increase entropy.
i. (-∆G)
e. Endergonic reaction –Not spontaneous, requires energy, will decrease entropy in system
i. (+∆G)
4. Isomers
a. Structural Isomers – Differ in covalent arrangement.
b. Geometric Isomers – Differ around a double bond.
c. Optical Isomers – Differ as mirror images.
5. Kingdom-Phylum-Class-Order-Family-Genus-Species
a. King-Philip-Came-Over-For-Good-Soup.
6. Functional Groups
a. Hydrophilic
i. Amino – NH2
ii. Carbonyl –CHO
iii. Carboxyl – COOH
iv. Hydroxyl – OH
v. Phosphate – PO4
vi. Sulfhydrl – SH
b. Hydrophobic
i. Methyl – CH3
