Study Guide for Practice Exam 2 on Social Problems | SOC 102 | Study notes Introduction to Sociology

Study Guide- Exam Two

Patriarchy: Traditional male domination of families

Sexism: The belief that there are innate psychological behavioral, an/or intellectual differences between men

and women and that these differences are indications of the superiority of one group and the inferiority of

another.

Gender: Social definitions, personal traits, and expectations associated with being male or female.

Sex: Biological identity, male or female.

Gender Stratification/Inequality: unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and

women

Expressive Roles: according to the symbolic interactionist perspective women are socialized into these.

emotion. managing household tasks. emotional care and nurturing to family members

Instrumental Roles: the man's role. earn income, make major family decisions

The Glass Ceiling: Invisible barrier for women, that prevents them from rising above middle management.

Devaluation Hypothesis: women are paid less because the work they do is socially defined as less valuable

than the work performed by men. EMOTION WORK.

Human Capital Hypothesis: female-male pay differences result from differences in women's and men's

education, skills, training, and work experience.

Comparable Worth: individuals in occupations (even different occupations) should be paid equally if the job

requires "comparable" levels of education, training, and responsibility.

Primary Work Sector: Pre-industrial. Production of raw materials and food. Agricultural jobs make up about

half of all jobs in developing countries.

Secondary Work Sectors: industrial. production of manufactured goods from raw materials

Tertiary Work Sectors: post-industrial. professional, managerial, technical support, and service jobs.

Patterns of Partner Violence: globally 1 in 3 women has been subjected to violence. 1. Common Couple

Violence refers to occasional acts of violence arising from arguments that get "out of hand." usually doesn't

escalate into life threatening violence. 2. Intimate Terrorism is violence that is motivated by a wish to control

one's partner and involves violence, economic subordination, threats, isolation, verbal and emotional abuse,

and other control tactics. almost all men. 3. Violent Resistance acts of violence that are committed in self-

defense. almost all women. 4. Mutual Violent Control rare pattern of abuse that is a battle for control in the

relationship.

McDonaldization: fast food industry principles. 1. Efficiency 2. Calculability (portion size, cost, and time are

more important than quality) 3. Predictability (uniform and standardized) 4. Control through technology.

employees are not permitted to use their full capacities, be creative, or engage in real human interaction.

workers must just follow procedure. workers may feel alienation.

Job Burnout: Prolonged job stress. can contribute to serious physical and mental health problems. high blood

pressure, ulcers, headaches, anxiety, depression. taking time off work is not an option for some people.

working vacations are popular.

Fair Labor Association: coalition of companies, universities, and nongovernmental organizations that works

to promote international labor standards and improve working conditions worldwide. Monitors working

conditions in companies that VOLUNTARILY participate. Has been criticized for overlooking below poverty

wages and excessive overtime and for requiring that only a small percentage of factories be inspected each

year. Many companies have been accused of using FLA participation as a marketing tool while not actually

doing anything to improve working conditions.

Behavior-based Safety Programs: programs direct attention to workers themselves as the problem.

supporters of this claim that at least 80% of job injuries are caused by workers' own carelessness and unsafe

acts. Focus on teaching employees and managers to identify and change unsafe worker behaviors. Critics think

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Study Guide- Exam Two Patriarchy: Traditional male domination of families Sexism: The belief that there are innate psychological behavioral, an/or intellectual differences between men and women and that these differences are indications of the superiority of one group and the inferiority of another. Gender: Social definitions, personal traits, and expectations associated with being male or female. Sex: Biological identity, male or female. Gender Stratification/Inequality: unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women Expressive Roles: according to the symbolic interactionist perspective women are socialized into these. emotion. managing household tasks. emotional care and nurturing to family members Instrumental Roles: the man's role. earn income, make major family decisions The Glass Ceiling: Invisible barrier for women, that prevents them from rising above middle management. Devaluation Hypothesis: women are paid less because the work they do is socially defined as less valuable than the work performed by men. EMOTION WORK. Human Capital Hypothesis: female-male pay differences result from differences in women's and men's education, skills, training, and work experience. Comparable Worth: individuals in occupations (even different occupations) should be paid equally if the job requires "comparable" levels of education, training, and responsibility. Primary Work Sector: Pre-industrial. Production of raw materials and food. Agricultural jobs make up about half of all jobs in developing countries. Secondary Work Sectors: industrial. production of manufactured goods from raw materials Tertiary Work Sectors: post-industrial. professional, managerial, technical support, and service jobs. Patterns of Partner Violence: globally 1 in 3 women has been subjected to violence. 1. Common Couple Violence refers to occasional acts of violence arising from arguments that get "out of hand." usually doesn't escalate into life threatening violence. 2. Intimate Terrorism is violence that is motivated by a wish to control one's partner and involves violence, economic subordination, threats, isolation, verbal and emotional abuse, and other control tactics. almost all men. 3. Violent Resistance acts of violence that are committed in self- defense. almost all women. 4. Mutual Violent Control rare pattern of abuse that is a battle for control in the relationship. McDonaldization: fast food industry principles. 1. Efficiency 2. Calculability (portion size, cost, and time are more important than quality) 3. Predictability (uniform and standardized) 4. Control through technology. employees are not permitted to use their full capacities, be creative, or engage in real human interaction. workers must just follow procedure. workers may feel alienation. Job Burnout: Prolonged job stress. can contribute to serious physical and mental health problems. high blood pressure, ulcers, headaches, anxiety, depression. taking time off work is not an option for some people. working vacations are popular. Fair Labor Association: coalition of companies, universities, and nongovernmental organizations that works to promote international labor standards and improve working conditions worldwide. Monitors working conditions in companies that VOLUNTARILY participate. Has been criticized for overlooking below poverty wages and excessive overtime and for requiring that only a small percentage of factories be inspected each year. Many companies have been accused of using FLA participation as a marketing tool while not actually doing anything to improve working conditions. Behavior-based Safety Programs: programs direct attention to workers themselves as the problem. supporters of this claim that at least 80% of job injuries are caused by workers' own carelessness and unsafe acts. Focus on teaching employees and managers to identify and change unsafe worker behaviors. Critics think

that this program just discourages workers from reporting illness and injuries. The "Second Shift": (Hochschild) women expected to work "second shifts" by having gainful outside employment as well as performing household chores and child care once they arrive home after a day's work. The European Union: EU. largest single trading bloc in the world. 1/4 of the world wealth. residents of EU countries can buy and sell goods and services in any of the 27 member countries without tariff barriers and most of the EU countries share a common currency: the euro. reflects the increasing globalization of economic institutions. Transnational Corporations: corporations that have their home base in one country and branches, or affiliates, in other countries. Chattel Slavery: One person owns another Child Slavery: desperate families let children do what they can to survive Debt Bondage: employers hold workers captive by paying them too little to meet their debts Servile Forms of Marriage: families arrange marriage for women against their will; many end up as slaves to their husband's family, others forced into prostitution Human Trafficking: Movement of men, women, and children from one place to another for forced labor Sweatshops: Work environments that: less than min. wage pay. excessively long hours of work. unsafe working conditions. abusive treatment by employers. lack of worker organizations aimed at negotiating better working conditions. The Defense Of Marriage Act: defines marriage as a union between one man and one woman. denies federal recognition of same-sex marriages. Egalitarian Relationships: relationships in which partners share decision making and assign family roles based on choice rather than traditional beliefs about gender. most common in northern European countries. Household Labor: Same-Sex Marriage: Illegal in the US. Legal in other countries like Canada, Netherlands, Belgium, Spain... Massachusetts was the first US state to offer same-sex marriage in 2004. Age at Marriage: The age used to be very young but it is increasing as well as childbearing. Marital Resiliency Perspective: many marriages in the past were troubled, but because divorce was not socially acceptable, they remained intact. Divorce provides a second chance at happiness for adults and an escape from dysfunctional and aversive home environments for many children. Causes of Divorce: Maybe the result of placing a high value on marriage, thus indicating a desire to replace a bag marriage with a better one. Before marriage was for children, but now it is for adult intimacy and companionship. changing family functions. economic autonomy of women. increased work demands. dissatisfaction with marital division of labor. liberalized divorce laws. increased individualism. increased life expectancy. Consequences of Divorce: children have problems. emotional well being is damaged. in most cases children adapt. Divorce Rates and Trends: US has highest divorce rate among western nations. it has declined in recent years but 40% of first marriage end in divorce. Child Abuse: physical or mental injury, sexual abuse, negligent treatment, maltreatment of a child under 18 by a person who is responsible for the child's welfare. most common is neglect. usually parents. pain, disfigurement, scarring, physical disability and death. head injury is the leading cause of death in abused children. depression, low self esteem, low academic achievement, smoking, alcohol and drug abuse, obesity, teen pregnancy, stds, aggressive behavior, criminality, suicide. Shaken Baby Syndrome: when the caretaker, most often the father, shakes the baby to the point of causing child to experience brain or retinal hemorrhage. often permanently handicapped. Elder Abuse: physical, psychological, financial abuse or neglect including failure to provide health and

Study Guide for Practice Exam 2 on Social Problems | SOC 102, Study notes of Introduction to Sociology

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