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Study Sheet: History 2112
- Wade-Davis Bill a. Radical republicans b. Required that the majority of white male citizens declare their allegiance and that only those who could make an ‘ironclad’ oath attesting to their past loyalty could vote or serve in the state constitutional conventions. c. The conventions would abolish slavery, exclude from political rights high-ranking civil and military officers of the Confederacy, and repudiate (reject) debts incurred during the conflict d. Lincoln vetoed the bill; pocket Veto
- Presidential Reconstruction : 1863 a. Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction: i. States could rejoin the Union once 10% of state residence; male white who voted in 1860 took oath of allegiance and received presidential pardon. ii. Swear to support laws and proclamations dealing with emancipation iii. Excluded Confederate officials, senior officers who left federal posts to serve the South and those accused of poor treatment of Black soldiers and their officers.
- John Wilkes Booth a. Assassinated Lincoln b. April 14th c. Confederate Zealot
- Radical Republicans a. The party of Union and Freedom: Abolish Slavery b. Confederate States forfeited “all civil and political rights under the Constitution” c. Congress, not the President, had the authority over reconstruction d. Believed that Confederate States had left the Union and should be treated as concurred territory. e. Punish and reform f. Supported the Wade-Davis Bill
- Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands a. Entrusted with negotiating labor contracts, providing medical care, and setting up schools.
b. The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands , usually referred to as
the Freedmen's Bureau , was a U.S. federal government agency that aided distressed refugees and freedmen (freed slaves) in 1865-1872, during the Reconstruction era of the United States.
c. The Freedman's Bureau Bill, which created the Freedman's Bureau, was initiated by
President Abraham Lincoln and was intended to last for one year after the end of the Civil War. It was passed on March 3, 1865, by Congress to aid former slaves through legal food and housing, oversight, education, health care, and employment contracts with private landowners. It became a key agency during Reconstruction, assistingfreedmen (freed ex-slaves) in the South. The Bureau was part of the United States Department of War. Headed by Union Army General Oliver O. Howard, the Bureau was operational from 1865 to 1872. It was disbanded under President Ulysses S. Grant.
- 13 th^ Amendment
a. The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution officially abolished and
continues to prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. It was passed by the Senate on April 8, 1864, passed by the House on January 31, 1865, and adopted on December 6, 1865. On December 18,Secretary of State William H. Seward, in a proclamation, declared it to have been adopted. It was the first of the Reconstruction Amendments.
- 14 th^ Amendment a. Affirms the state and federal citizenship of persons born or naturalized in the US and forbids any state to “abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens” of deprive any person of life, liberty or property, w/o due process of law, or to “deny any person…the equal protection of the laws.” b. Citizenship for blacks: anyone born in the US c. Applied the 4th^ amendment to the states: due process of law d. Denied citizenship to former Confederates e. Until the 14th^ Amendment was passed the Fed Govt had no right to enforce the first 10 amendments on the States.
f. The Fourteenth Amendment ( Amendment XIV ) to the United States Constitution was
adopted on July 9, 1868 as one of the Reconstruction Amendments.
- Black Codes a. Passed by the new Southern Legislatures b. Restricted the freedom of Blacks; the “ex-slave was not a free man; he was a free Negro,” and the Black Codes were intended to highlight the distinction. c. Common provisions were; existing Black marriages and common law marriages were recognized; testimony by blacks was accepted in legal cases involving them – in six states all cases. Blacks could own property. They could sue and be sued in court. It was illegal not to have a job.
- Military Reconstruction Act a. Prescribed conditions under which new southern state govs should be formed. b. 10 states divided into 5 military districts that would be under military control. c. Declared “no legal state governments or adequate protection for life & property now exists in the ‘Rebel’ states” d. It was diluted down to little more than a requirement that the southern states accept black suffrage and ratify the 14th^ amendment.
- Thaddeus Stevens a. Radical Republican b. “Rebel states viewed as conquered provinces subject to the absolute will of the victors” c. Wanted south rebuilt in image of the North d. Speaker of the House e. Supported the Greenback system of money
f. He wanted to begin to rebuild the South, using military power to force the South to
recognize the equality of Freedmen. When President Johnson resisted, Stevens proposed and passed the resolution for the impeachment of Andrew Johnson in 1868.
- Redeemers
a. a political coalition in the Southern United States during the Reconstruction era, who
sought to oust the Republican coalition of freedmen, carpetbaggers and scalawags. They were the southern wing of the Bourbon Democrats, who were the conservative, pro- business wing of the Democratic Party.
- Sharecroppers a. a system of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land (e.g., 50% of the crop).
- Tenure of Office Act a. provided that all federal officials whose appointment required Senate confirmation could not be removed without the consent of the Senate.
- Andrew Johnson a. Lincoln’s VP. Became Pres after assassination: War democrat b. Supported Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction: added that anyone with property valued over $20k had to apply for Presidential Pardon. c. Southern qualifications to rejoin the Union i. Adopt 13th^ amendment: abolishing slavery d. Believed that the President was in charge of Reconstruction.
- Booker T. Washington: Accommodationist a. Argued that blacks should not antagonize whites by demanding social or political equality: instead they should concentrate on establishing an economic base for the advancement. b. Believed in the power of education: Industrial education c. Economic equality was the key to end segregation d. Speech at Atlanta Cotton States 1895; labeled “Atlanta Compromise”
- Exodusters
a. a name given to African Americans who fled the Southern United States for Kansas in
1879 and 1880. After the end of Reconstruction, racial oppression and rumors of the reinstitution of slavery led many freedmen to seek a new place to live.
- Jim Crow Laws a. State laws requiring separate public facilities under the rubric of “separate but equal” b. 1883 Supreme Court ruled
- Plessy v. Ferguson a. Heard by the Supreme Court; decided in 1896 b. Refused to leave a white railroad car c. Court ruled that segregation laws “have been generally, if not universally recognized as within the competency of the state legislatures in the exercise of the police power.”
- W.E.B. DuBois a. Led blacks in criticism of BT Washington b. Believed in ‘ceaseless agitation’ c. Challenge segregation and discrimination through social protest and political action.
- Credit Mobilier a. The Union Pacific railroad had been involved with members of congress & Grant’s administration to cheat the gov’t contracts for expansion b. Schuyler “the Smiler’ Colfax had a sack of cash c. Railroad right of way was 10 miles on either side of the tracks and the railroad was controlling development around the tracks and selling the land.
- Sand Creek
a. was an incident in the Indian Wars of the United States that occurred on November 29,
1864, when a 700-man force of Colorado Territory militia attacked and destroyed a village of friendly Cheyenne and Arapaho encamped in southeastern Colorado Territory, [2] (^) killing and mutilating an estimated 70–163 Indians, about two-thirds of whom were women and children
- Little Big Horn a. Custer’s last stand b. Sioux: Sitting Bull wiped out Custer
- “Mother” Jones a. Fought for the end of child labor b. Last time she was arrested she was 83 c. “Pray for the dead. Fight like hell for the living.”
- Union Pacific Railroad
a. UP was entangled in the Crédit Mobilier scandal, exposed in 1872, that involved bribing
congressmen and stock speculations. Its early troubles led to bankruptcy during the 1870s, the result of which was reorganization of the Union Pacific Railroad as the Union Pacific Railway on January 24, 1880, with its dominant stockholder being Jay Gould. The new company also declared bankruptcy, in 1893, but emerged on July 1, 1897, reverting to the original name, Union Pacific Railroad.
- Great Railroad Strike of 1877 a. First major interstate strike in American history b. Due to wage cuts
c. The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 began on July 14 in Martinsburg, West Virginia, United
States and ended some 45 days later after it was put down by local and state militias, and federal troops.
- Robber Barons a. Businesses were free to operate any way that they say fit due to lack of regulation b. Men skilled mainly in organizing and promoting industry: considered ruthless c. Rockefeller: Oil d. Carnegie: Steel e. Morgan: Financial f. Vanderbuilt: Trains and shipping g. Westinghouse: Electrical
- Haymarket Affair a. Labor Union meeting in Chicago where a bomb killed a policeman b. Police fired on crowd and 7 anarchists were arrested c. Downfall of the Knights of Labor
- Holding Companies a. usually refers to a company which does not produce goods or services itself; rather, its only purpose is owning shares of other companies b. Robber Barons used this as a way to continue their monopolies.
- JP Morgan a. Banking and investments b. Started the concept of holding companies c. Built an empire of steel and railroad companies d. Bought out Carnegie steel and formed US Steel
- Tammany Hall a. Corruption, bribery and intimidation b. William Murray ‘Boss’ Tweed; controlled what went on in NYC
- Anti Saloon League a. Demanded that saloons be closed b. Saloons contributed to alcoholism, divorce, crime, and absenteeism from work
- Social Gospel Movement a. Supported the idea of Social Darwinism; an attempt to make live better for the immigrants
b. The movement applied Christian ethics to social problems, especially social justice,
inequality, liquor, crime, racial tensions, slums, bad hygiene, child labor, weak labor unions, poor schools, and the danger of war. Theologically, the Social Gospel leaders were overwhelmingly post-millennialist. That is because they believed the Second Coming could not happen until humankind rid itself of social evils by human effort.
- Political machines
a. a disciplined political organization in which an authoritative boss or small group
commands the support of a corps of supporters and businesses (usually campaign workers), who receive rewards for their efforts. Although these elements are common to most political parties and organizations, they are essential to political machines, which rely on hierarchy and rewards for political power, often enforced by a strong party whip structure. Machines sometimes have a political boss, often rely on patronage, the spoils system, "behind-the-scenes" control, and longstanding political ties within the structure of a representative democracy. Machines typically are organized on a permanent basis instead of for a single election or event. The term may have a pejorative sense referring to corrupt political machines
- Dumbbell Tenements
a. Old Law Tenements are commonly called "dumbbell tenements" after the shape of the
building footprint: the air shaft gives each tenement the narrow-waisted shape of a dumbbell, wide facing the street and backyard, narrowed in between to create the air corridor.
- Assimilation (Enculturation) a. Created school system to educate children into how to be good Americans b. the process by which a person learns the requirements of the culture by which he or she is surrounded, and acquires values and behaviors that are appropriate or necessary in that culture
- Ghetto a. section of a city occupied by a minority group who live there especially because of social, economic, or legal pressure
b. The development of ghettos in America is closely associated with different waves of
immigration and internal urban migration. The Irish and German immigrants of the mid- 19th century were the first ethnic groups to form ethnic enclaves in America’s cities. This was followed by large numbers of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, including many Italians and Poles between 1880 and 1920.
- Jane Adams a. “Most dangerous woman in America.” Due to her will to support the less fortunate b. The Settlement House Movement; Hull House c. Workers sought to draw children into clubs, kindergartens, and a nursery for infant children of working mothers d. Alternative to saloon recreation and an alternative to the political boss as a source of social services.
- Sweatshops a. crowded, dangerous, low-paying, and without job security, the concept of a sweatshop has its origins between 1830 and 1850 as a specific type of workshop in which a certain type of middleman, the sweater , directed others in garment making (the process of producing clothing), under arduous conditions.
b. Between 1850 and 1900, sweatshops attracted the rural poor to rapidly-growing cities,
and attracted immigrants to places like London, England and New York City's garment district, located near thetenements of New York's Lower East Side. Wherever they were located, sweatshops also attracted critics and labour leaders who cited them as crowded, poorly ventilated, and prone to fires and ratinfestations, since much of the work was done by many people crowded into small tenement rooms
- Gilded Age a. Coined by Mark Twain b. America was suffering from wide spread political corruption, personal greed, and social vulgarity c. A rusty birdcage painted over with gold paint.
- Half Breeds a. Republican faction group: viewed on the side of the democrats b. Opposed Grant and the radical republican southern policy c. Support the Civil Servant reform act d. Lead by James Blain
- Pendleton Act of 1883
a. a federal law established in 1883 that stipulated that government jobs should be
awarded on the basis of merit.[1]^ The act provided selection of government employees competitive exams,[1]^ rather than ties to politicians or political affiliation. It also made it illegal to fire or demote government employees for political reasons
- Stalwarts a. Republican faction group b. Supported Grant’s reelection and the Radical Republican southern policy c. Did not support the civil servant movement and believed in status quo d. Lead by Roscoe Conklin
- William Marcy Tweed
a. an American politician most notable for being the "boss" of Tammany Hall,
the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in the politics of 19th century New York City and State b. Tweed's greatest influence came from being an appointed member of a number of boards and commissions, his control over political patronage in New York City through Tammany, and his ability to ensure the loyalty of voters through jobs he could create and dispense on city-related projects.
c. His"Cross of Gold" speech made him a sensational new face in the Democratic party
- William McKinley a. Republican candidate that ran against Bryan. Won due to Bryan’s radical views b. Supported maintaining high tariffs c. Supported the gold standard
d. McKinley’s term was the beginning of the New Era
