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Great summary of the "federalist papaer 51"
Typology: Summaries
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B: Isn't relying on ambition and interest, "a reflection on human nature?" But, adds Madison, what is government itself but the greatest reflection on human nature? If men were angels, no government would be necessary."
C: "The Great Difficulty" of Founding: You must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself. A dependence on the people is, no doubt, the primary control on the government, but experience has taught mankind the necessity of auxiliary precautions."
To repeat, the American society will "be broken down into so many parts, interests and classes of citizens, that
the rights of individuals, or the minority, will be in little danger from interested combinations of the majority."
Echoing Federalist 10, Madison says "the security for civil rights must be the same as that for religious rights. It
consists in the one case in the multiplicity of interests, and in the other in the multiplicity of sects." And both
depend on "the extended republic." Let us not forget, adds Madison, that "justice is the end of government. It is
the end of civil society. It ever has been and ever will be pursued until it be obtained, or until liberty be lost in
the pursuit." Fortunately, in "the extended republic… a coalition of a majority of the whole society could seldom
take place on any other principles than those of justice and the general good." We have rejected the "precarious
security" provided by the "hereditary or self-appointed" alternative of "introducing into the government… a will
independent of the society itself."
Is simply dividing power between branches and between federal and state levels of government enough to protect individual rights? An Antifederalist responds…
Nov 1, 1787: Brutus II (New York) He considers "the merits" of his argument in Brutus I "that to reduce the thirteen states into one government, would prove the destruction of your liberties." Again anticipating The Federalist, Brutus argues that "when a building is to be erected which is intended to stand for ages, the foundation should be firmly laid." But the foundation of the Constitution is poorly laid because it lacks a declaration of rights " expressly reserving to the people such of their essential natural rights , as are not necessary to be parted with." He rejects as "specious" the arguments of an unnamed Framer's State House speech (James Wilson) as to why a bill of rights is unnecessary: after all, "the powers, rights, and authority, granted to the general government by this constitution, are as complete, with respect to every object to which they extend, as that of any state government." Furthermore, why did the Framers secure certain rights in Article I, Section 9, "but omitted others of more importance"?