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UNIVERSITY OF KOTA, KOTA
MBS Marg, Near Kabir Circle, KOTA (Rajasthan)-324 005
Master of Science
ZOOLOGY
Faculty of Science
SCHEME OF EXAMINATIONS AND SYLLABUS
M. Sc. First and Second Semester Examinations
- The M.Sc. Course in Zoology is a two year full time curriculum offered in the form of Choice-based Credit System organized in four semesters. The number of papers and maximum marks for each theory paper/practical has been shown in the syllabus. It will be necessary for a candidate to pass in the theory part as well as in the practical part (wherever prescribed) separately.
- The course of study for M.Sc. (Zoology) examination shall be spread over a period of two years with examination at the end of each semester. There shall be four semesters in all.
- Every semester will have four Theory papers and one practical. Syllabus of every theory paper of each semester will be divided into 5 units.
- Scheme of examination:-
Each Semester MaxMarks MinMarks InterAsse. Paper I 70 25 30 Paper II 70 25 30 Paper III 70 25 30 Paper IV 70 25 30 Practical 100 36 Nil
I Year : I Semester
Paper-Z-01 INVERTEBRATE: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS Paper-Z-02 BIOCHEMISTRY Paper-Z-03 CELL BIOLOGY Paper-Z-04 EVOLUTION AND BIOSTATISTICS Paper-Z-05 ZOOLOGY Practical: Duration 10 Hrs; MM 200, Min 100. Day 1; 5 Hrs. (Z-01 & Z-02) and Day 2; 5 Hrs (Z-03 & Z-04).
Each theory paper :-
Teaching hrs
Credit Points
Continuous assessment
Semester assessment
Max marks
Min.Pass marks
Paper Duration MM Pass MM Pass 04 04 30 12 70 28 100 40 3 Hrs.
For Practical: Teaching Hrs18, Credit pt: 9; Max. Marks 100, Min. pass marks 50 for each day. Total (I Semester):- 27 Teaching Hrs 34, Credit pt 25, Continuous assessment (MM 120, Min 48) Semester Assessment (MM 380, Min 162) Total marks 500 Min Pass marks 250.
I Year : II Semester
Paper-Z-06 IMMUNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY Paper-Z-07 ANIMAL TAXONOMY Paper-Z-08 GENETICS Paper-Z-09 ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY Paper-Z-10 ZOOLOGY Practical: Duration 10 Hrs; MM 200, Min 100. Day 1; 5 Hrs (Z-06 & Z-07) and Day 2; 5 Hrs (Z-08 & Z-09).
For each theory paper :-
Teaching hrs Credit pt Continuous assessment
Semester assessment
Max marks
Min.Pass marks
Paper Duration MM Pass MM Pass 04 04 30 12 70 28 100 40 3 Hrs.
For Practical: Teaching Hrs18, Credit pt: 9; Max. Marks 100, Min. pass marks 50 for each day. Total (II Semester):- 27 Teaching Hrs 34, Credit pt 25, Continuous assessment (MM 120, Min 48) Semester Assessment (MM 380, Min 162) Total marks 500 Min Pass marks 250. Continuous Assessment or Internal or Mid Term Assessment:
(a) The continuous or internal or mid-term assessment (30% weightage of the maximum marks) for each theory paper shall be taken by the faculty members in the Department during each semester. There will be two internal assessment tests (i.e. First Internal Assessment Test or First Mid Term Test and Second Internal Assessment Test or Second Mid Term Test) each of 15% weightage for each theory paper. Each internal assessment test shall be of one hour duration for theory paper and shall be taken according to academic calendar which will be notified by the Department / University. (b) For practical papers, there will be only one external or semester or end term assessment (100% weightage of maximum marks) and there will be no continuous or internal or midterm assessment. (c) A student who remains absent (defaulter) or fails or wants to improve the marks in the internal assessment may be permitted to appear in the desired paper(s) (only one time) in the same semester with the permission of the concerned Head of the Department. A defaulter / improvement fee of Rupees 250/- per paper shall be taken from such candidates. Duly forwarded application of such candidates by the teacher concerned shall be submitted to HOD who may permit the candidate to appear in the internal assessment after production of satisfactory evidence about the reason of his/her absence in the test(s) and deposition of the defaulter / improvement fee. A record of such candidates shall be kept in the Department. (d) Regular attendance of the student shall be considered in the internal assessment. If the attendance / regularity factor is similar for all the students, then it may be merged with the weightage of second internal assessment test (class test / home assignment / quiz, seminar, etc.). (e) Paper wise consolidated marks for each theory paper and dissertation / seminar (i.e. total marks obtained during various modes of internal assessment) obtained by the students (out of the 30% weightage of the maximum marks of the paper) shall be forwarded by the Head of the Department (in two copies) to the Controller of Examination of the University within a week from the date of last internal assessment test for incorporation in the tabulation register. (f) The consolidated marks obtained by the students will also be made known to them before being communicated by the Head of the Department concerned to the University for final incorporation in the tabulation register. If any discrepancies are discovered or pointed out by the students, the same shall be looked into by the concerned faculty member and corrections made wherever necessary. The decision of the Head of the Department before the communication of marks to the University shall be final. No
reproduction in Coelenterata and Polychaeta. e) Larval forms of invertebrates and their significance. UNIT - IV
- Criteria for phylogenetic interrelationships between Invertebrate phyla.
- Origin of Parazoa, Mesozoa and Metazoa. Origin or Radiata (Coelenterata and Ctenophora). Origin of Bilateria from Radiata (Importance of Planula larva and Ctenophores).
- Phylogenetic significance of Rhynchocoela. Interrelationship of important Pesudocelomate groups, Rotifera. Gastrotricha, Kinorhynca, Nematomorpha and Entoprocta. UNIT - V
- Affinities and evolutionary significance of the unsegmented lesser protostome phyla (Priapulida, Echiuroidea and Sipunculida.
- Phylogenetic relationships between the coelomate protostome phyla (Annelida, Onychopohra. Arthropoda & Mollusca). Affinities and evolutionaiy significance of the Lophophorate coelomate phyla (Brachiopoda, Phoronida & Ectoprocta).
- Affinities of the invertebrate deuterostome phyla (Chaetognatha, Echinodermata, Pogonophora & Hemichordata).
Paper-Z-02 BIOCHEMISTRY UNIT I
- Introduction: Basic chemical concepts: a study of the chemical bonds and functional groups.
- Biocatalysts : Classification and nomenclature of the enzymes; nature of enzymes, enzyme specificity; factors affecting enzyme activity; enzymatic and non-enzymatic catalysts; coenzymes and their functions. Enzymes and prosthetic groups.
- Energy considerations : Biological oxidation & reduction. Fundamental reactions of biological oxidation; redox potential and electron transport system. UNIT II
- Carbohydrate – Classification, structure, general properties and functions of polysaccharides and complex carbohydrates; amino sugars, proteoglycans and glycoproteins.
- Lipids – Classification, structure, properties and functions of fatty acids, essential fatty acids, fats, phospholipids, sphingolipids, cerebrocides, steroids, bile acids, prostaglandins, lipoamino acids, lipoproteins, proteolipids, phosphatidopeptides, lipopolysaccharides.
- Nucleic acids – Classification, structure, properties and functions of nucleic acids. Primary, secondary and tertiary structure of nucleic acids, DNA forms and conformations, Denaturation of DNA. UNIT III 1. Proteins – Peptide synthesis: chemical and Merrifield synthesis. Primary (peptide conformation, N- and C- terminal, peptide cleavage), Secondary (α-helix, sheet, random coil, Ramachandran plot), Tertiary and Quaternary structures of proteins.
- Vitamins – Classification, structure, properties and functions of vitamins.
- Hormones – Classification, structure, properties and functions of Hormones.
UNIT IV
- Metabolic pathways of protein (General reactions of amino acid metabolism - Transamination, decarboxylation, oxidative & non-oxidative deamination of amino acids.)
- Metabolic pathways of carbohydrates (Glycolysis, various forms of fermentations in micro- organisms, citric acid cycle, its function in energy generation and biosynthesis of energy rich bond, pentose phosphate pathway and its regulation. Gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis and glycogenolysis, glyoxylate and Gamma aminobutyrate shunt pathways, Cori cycle, Entner- Doudoroff pathway, glucuronate pathway. Metabolism of disaccharides.)
- Metabolic pathways of lipids (hydrolysis of tri-acylglycerols, α-, β-, ω- oxidation of fatty acids. Oxidation of odd numbered fatty acids – fate of propionate, role of carnitine, degradation of complex lipids. Fatty acid biosynthesis & Lipid biosynthesis) and nucleic acids (Biosynthesis and degradation of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides and its regulation). UNIT V
- Bioanalytical Techniques : Spectroscopy – Concepts of spectroscopy, Visible and UV spectroscopy, Laws of photometry. Beer-Lambert’s law, Principles and applications of colorimetry.
- Bioanalytical Techniques: Chromatography – Principles of partition chromatography, paper, thin layer, ion exchange and affinity chromatography, gel permeation chromatography, HPLC and FPLC. Electrophoretic techniques – Principles of electrophoretic separation: Continuous, zonal and capillary electrophoresis, different types of electrophoresis including paper, cellulose and gel. Electroporation, SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis.
- Bioanalytical Techniques: Centrifugation – Principles of centrifugation, concepts of RCF, different types of instruments and rotors, preparative, differential and density gradient centrifugation, analytical ultra-centrifugation, sub-cellular fractionation.
Paper-Z-03 CELL BIOLOGY UNIT I
- Microscopy: A general idea of properties of light, lenses and magnification power. An elementary knowledge about principles and functioning of microscopes: - light (dissecting and compound), interference, polarizing, fluorescence, phase contrast, UV and electron (SEM and TEM).
- Cytological techniques : Centrifugation and ultracentrifugation, intravital and supravital staining, preparation of cell cultures, isolation and fractionation of cell.
- The evolution of the Cell : - From molecules of the First Cell; From Prokaryotes to Eukaryotes; From Single Cell to multi-cellular Organisms. UNIT II
- Plasma membrane and intracellular compartments: Structure and functions of membrane, Endocytosis and exocytosis; principles of membrane transport, carrier proteins, ion channels.
- Structure and functions of endoplasmic reticulum. Signal recognition particles, ER signal peptides; signal transduction.
- Vesicular traffic organelles : Structure and functions of Golgi complex and lysosomes, transport from Golgi bodies to lysosomes. UNIT III
- Structure and functions of microbodies, glyoxysomes, peroxysomes, and spherosomes. Structure and functions of ribosomes.
- Energy transducer organelles : Structure, functions and evolution of mitochondria and plastids; their role as energy transducers.
- Structure of cilia, flagella, vacuoles and cytoskeleton – Microtubules, Actins filaments.
I Year : II Semester
Paper-Z-06 IMMUNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY Paper-Z-07 ANIMAL TAXONOMY Paper-Z-08 GENETICS Paper-Z-09 ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
Paper-Z-06 IMMUNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY UNIT - I
- Innate and Acquired Immunity; phylogeny and ontogeny of Immune system,
- Organiaztion and structure of lymphoid organs, cells of the immune system and their differentiation.
- Nature of Immune responses, Nature of antigens and superantigens, factors influencing Immunogenicity, epitopes and haptens. UNIT - II
- Structure and functions of Antibodies, Antigen-Antibody interactions in vitro and in vivo, complement system, Major histocompatibility complex in mouse and HLA system in humans.
- Organization and expression of Ig genes. T-cell and B-cell generation, activation and differentiation. Cytokines, cell mediated effector functions.
- Immunological tolerance and Anti-immunity; Hyper sensitivity and immune responses to infection agents especially intracellular parasites. UNIT – III
- Basics: Definition, Biotechnology – an Interdisciplinary science. It’s brief history, scope, significance, and limitations.
- Genetic engineering, culture media, culture methods, restriction enzymes, cloning vectors, cell fusion, somatic hybridisation.
- Recombinant DNA technology: Isolation of genetic materials gel-electrophoresis, amplification by PCR, insertion of r-DNA in host. Bioreactors and downstream processing. UNIT IV
- Animal tissue culture: Introduction, Primary culture, cell lines and cloning. Tissue and Organ Culture, IVF, embryo- transfers.
- Brief discussion on the chemical, Physical and metabolic functions of different constituents of culture medium. Basic techniques of mammalian cell cultures in – vitro. Microcarrier culture, cell Synchronization and cell culture.
- Application of animal cell culture. Hybridoma technology and monoclonal antibodies. UNIT – V
- Biotechnology in Industry: Food, dairy, beverages, etc.
- Biotechnology in agriculture: BT cotton, pest resistant and virus resistant plants.
- Biotechnology in medicine: Humulin production, gene therapy, molecular diagnosis (DNA fingerprinting, ELISA), transgenic animals; liposomes (spheroplasts) in biomedical science.
Paper-Z-07 ANIMAL TAXONOMY UNIT - I
- Introduction to the science of taxonomy; stages in Taxonomy, importance of taxonomy.
- Rules of nomenclature. Linnaean hierarchy.
- Principles of classification : theories of biological classification & their history.
UNIT - II
- Concept of species; typological, nominalistic, biological, evolutionary and recognition species concepts. Concepts of superspecies and subspecies.
- The species category; the polytypic species; population systematic intraspecific categories.
- Methods of classification: taxonomic collection & the processes of identification. UNIT - III
- Taxonomic characters; types and use of taxonomic characters; concept of key characters, types of variations (qualitative and quantitative) within a single population,
- Methods of arriving on taxonomic decisions at species level; preparation and use of taxonomic keys.
- Newer trends in taxonomy: Cytotaxonomy - importance of cytology and genetics in taxonomy. Sonotaxonomy - importance of sound, call and sonogram in taxonomy. Molecular taxonomy – importance of macromolecular composition in taxonomy. UNIT – IV
- Classification of Invertebrates with salient characteristics and examples of each group. UNIT – V
- Classification of Vertebrates with salient characteristics and examples of each group.
Paper-Z-08 GENETICS UNIT-I
- Basics: Definitions of heredity, variation, gene, allele, autosomes, allosomes, haploid, diploid.
- Homologous chromosomes, locus, homozygos, heterozygos, hemizygos, dominant, recessive, phenotype, genotype, filial generations.
- Types of cross: monohybrid, dihybrid, test cross, back cross, reciprocal cross, probable gamete formation for cross, use of symbols. UNIT-II
- Laws of heredity and their variations: Works of Mendel and Morgan.
- Incomplete dominance, multiple allele, pleotropy, genetic interactions.
- Linkage and crossing over: Mechanism of crossing over, linkage groups, linkage maps; acessory genetic elements ( plasmids, transposons and reteroelements). UNIT-III
- Genetics of sex: Sex linkage, sex influenced and sex limited traits, sex determination, effects of environment on sex determination.
- Human genetics: Abnormalities in chromosome structure and number,
- Inborne errors of metabolism, eugenics, euphenics and euthenics, genetic counselling. UNIT-IV
- Molecular basis of inheritance. DNA: Structure and types of DNA; DNA as a genetic material, gene structure,
- Replication of DNA, enzymes and accessory proteins involved in DNA replication,DNA damage and repair, gene mutation and its molecular mechanism.
- RNA: Structure and types of RNA (r-RNA, m-RNA, t-RNA, Hn-RNA, Sn-RNA, antisense- RNA); types of RNA polymerase, transcription, step initiation, chain elongation and termination; post transcriptional modification, cap and tail formation, RNA splicing. UNIT-V
- Translation: Mechanism of prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation, protein folding; role of chaperons.
from the gut of white ant; Rectal ciliates, Trypansomes in the blood of house rat; lifecycle stages of Monocystis from the seminal vesicle of earthworm. 3. Permanent preparations through various parts of Animals mentioned in III (i-iv) anatomy section and study of the structure. 4. Permanent preparations of different materials provided for study using microtome. V. Biochemistry: 1. Identification of protein, carbohydrates and Lipid in various tissues. 2. Identification of different kinds of mono, di and poly saccharides in biological and chemical materials. 3. Quantitative estimation of the following by spectrophotometric / semiautoanalyser method in various tissues. (a) Carbohydrates: Glycogen and glucose. (b) Proteins:Total proteins. (c) Lipid: Phospholipids and cholesterol. (d) Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA. (e) Enzymes: Acid and alkaline phosphatase. 4. Paper chromatography and Thin Layer Chromatography: Unidimensional chromatography using amino acids from purified samples and biological materials. 5. Study of digestive enzymes in different parts of alimentary canal. VI. Cell biology: 1. Squash & smear preparations of testis of cockroach / grasshopper : Acetocarmine & Feulgen staining of these preparations. 2. Study of mitosis in onion root tip and mammalian bone marrow cells. 3. Study of giant chromosomes in the salivary gland of Chironomus larva or Drosophila larva. 4. Vital and supra-vital staining (with neutral red and Janus Green B) of cells of the testis of an insect or mammal to study the mitochondria. 5. Chromosome counts in cells of the testis of an insect or mammal or cells of the bone marrow of a mammal, micrometry and image analysis. 6. Study of prepared microscopic slides of various cell types, mitosis, meiosis and giant Chromosomes. VII. Biostatistics: 1. Preparation of frequency tables and graphs (Computer based exercise). 2. Calculation of standard deviation, variance and standard error of the mean. 3. Correlation and rank of correlation. 4. Calculation of probability & significance between mean using t-test. 5. Calculation of significance using Chi-square test. 6. Plotting the slope of a line on a graph: calculations of the slope of a line, coefficient and regression. 7. Preparation of histogram, bar diagram and line graph preferably using computer VIII. Field Trip: 1. Study of animals in their natural habitats. _Note: Use of animal for dissection and practical work is subject to the conditions that there are not banned under the wildlife protections act._*
M.Sc. ZOOLOGY I Semester
Scheme of Practical Examination and Distribution of Mark Max. Marks: 100 Duration - 5 hrs.
(a) Exercise in Cell Biology 05 Marks (b) Exercise in statistical methods 07Marks (c) Identification & comments on spots (10x3) 30 Marks (d) Invertebrate major dissection / demonstration 08 Marks (e) Invertebrate minor dissection / demonstration 05 Marks (f) Permanent preparation 05 Marks (g) Exercise in Biochemistry 05 Marks (h) Seminar 10Marks (i) Viva-voce 10 Marks (j) Class record 10 Marks (k) Report on field trip 05 Marks Total 100 Marks
M.Sc. ZOOLOGY II Semester
Z 10: Practical Work Based on Paper Z-05 to Z-10 ( Total No. of laboratory hrs. 240) I. Biotechnology/Immunology
- To determine the ABO blood groups by slide agglutination.
- To conduct/demonstrate ELIZA Test
- Demonstration of Immunological tests WIDAL, VDRL, Pregnancy.
- To conduct Radio Immuno-diffusion. II. Invertebrate Taxonomy
- Identification of Invertebrates using taxonomic keys. III. Genetics:
- Culture and identification of male and female Drosophila through prepared culture.
- Identification of wild and mutant forms of Drosophila.
- Problems based on Mendelism and gene interaction.
- Identification of blood groups in man.
- Demonstration of sex chromatin (Barr Bodies). IV. Animal physiology
- Determination of osmotic potential by tissue weight method.
- Study of ECG, Heart beat and Blood pressure. 3 Determination of hemoglobin in blood sample by haemoglobinometric/ Photometric (preferably).
- Demonstration of the following in blood; Clotting time (CT), Bleeding time (BT), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), haemolysis and crenation, differential count of leucocytes.
- Determination of blood urea and blood sugar value.
- Determination of peroxide activity.
- To carryout differential leukocyte count in human blood sample.
- Blood film preparation and identification of cells.
- To conduct serum preparation.
- Separation of amino acids by Paper chromatography / Thin Layer Chromatography and calculating Rf value. Scheme of Practical Examination & Distribution of Mark Duration - 5 hrs. MM 100 (a) Exercise based on Biotechnology/Immunology 10 Marks (b) Exercise in Genetics 10 Marks (c) Exercise in Invertebrate Taxonomy (10 + 10) (Using Taxonomic keys) 20 Marks (d) Exercise in physiology 10 Marks (e) Seminar 20 Marks (f) Field work/Assessment 10 Marks (g) Viva-voce - 10 Marks (h) Class record - 10 Marks
Total - 100 Marks
