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Synopsis of Psychiatry Quick Revision
Who created a broad theoretical system for the development of cognitive abilities? - Correct answer Jean Piaget What is epistemology? - Correct answer Study of development of abstract thought on the basis of a biological or innate substrate According to Piaget, what are the four major stages that lead to the capacity for adult thought and and what age range does each occur? - Correct answer Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years), preoperational thought ( to 7 years), concrete operations (7 to 11 years), and formal operations ( through adolescence) In what stage of Piaget development does the child understand that melted ice in the form of water can turn back to water (reversibility)? - Correct answer Concrete operations A child believe that bad thoughts cause accidents. What is this called and in what stage of Piaget development does it occur? - Correct answer Phenomenalistic causality; Preoperational thought What are the critical developmental achievements of the sensorimotor stage? - Correct answer Object permanence and symbolization A child recognizes that when a ball of clay is rolled into a sausage shape there is still the same amount of clay. What ability is this child demonstrating and during what stage of Piaget development does this occur? - Correct answer Conservation; Concrete operations What is the tendency to endow physical events and objects with life-like psychological attributes and in what Piaget stage of development does this occur? - Correct answer Animistic thinking; Preoperational In the Piaget stage of concrete operations, what is egocentric thought replaced by? - Correct answer Operational thought which involves dealing
with a wide array of information outside of the child. Children can now see things from someone's else perspective All horses are mammals, all mammals are warm blooded, therefore all horses are warm blooded...this is what type of reasoning and during what stage of Piaget development does it occur? - Correct answer Syllogistic reasoning; Concrete operations Who studied infant attachment and separation and pointed out that mother- child attachment was an essential medium of human interaction that had important consequences for later development? - Correct answer John Bowlby Who demonstrated the emotional and behavioral effects of isolating monkeys form birth and keeping them from forming attachments? - Correct answer Harry Harlow Mary Ainsworth is know for describing what 3 main types of insecure attachment? - Correct answer Insecure-avoident, insecure-ambivalent, and insecure-disorganized 65% of infants are securely attached by what age? - Correct answer 25 months What are the three types of signal indicators in infants? - Correct answer Hunger, anger, and pain What are the three sequences of behavior patterns in children that are operated from their mothers for long periods of time? - Correct answer Protest, despair, and detachment In Pavlovian conditioning, what are the following called...food, bell, new response to the bell, and the natural response to the food itself? - Correct answer Unconditional stimulus, conditional stimulus, conditional response, and unconditional response Who was Pavlovian conditioning developed by? - Correct answer Ivan Pavlov
What is a reinforcer? - Correct answer Any event that could be shown to increase the strength of an operant if it was made a consequence of the operant What is incentive learning and give and example? - Correct answer Process of learning about the effects the reinforcer has on the motivational state; Hunger invigorated the instrumental action only if the animal had previously experienced the reinforcer in that state Figure 2.3-3 - Correct answer Page 108- What biological changes occur during short-lasting plasticity? - Correct answer Increase in neurotransmitter release What biological changes occur during long-lasting plasticity? - Correct answer New protein synthesis, physical growth of neural processes, and an increase in the number of synaptic connections What are the main cortical pathways for visual information starting after the primary visual cortex? - Correct answer Ventrally to the inferotemporal cortex (identification of visual objects) and dorsally to the parietal cortex (processes information about spatial location) Alcoholic Korsakoff's syndrome causes amnesia due to destruction in what area of the brain? - Correct answer Diencephalon Figure 2.4-3 - Correct answer Page 114 Amnesia effects what kind of memory? - Correct answer Declarative memory What is declarative memory? - Correct answer Conscious recollection of facts and events What abilities are included in non-declarative learning? - Correct answer Skill learning, habit learning, simple forms of conditioning, and priming A patient cannot remember word lists and stories (verbal material), which part of the brain is damaged? - Correct answer Medial temporal or diencephalic structures in the left cerebral hemisphere
A patient cannot remember faces, spatial layouts, and other nonverbal material, which part of the brain is damaged? - Correct answer Medial temporal or diencephalic structures in the right cerebral hemisphere A patient has impaired memory for spoken and written text, which part of the brain is damaged? - Correct answer Left medial temporal lobe A patient has impaired learning of spatial arrays, whether the layouts are examined by vision or by touch, which part of the brain is damaged? - Correct answer Right medial temporal lobe How can psychogenic amnesia and neurological amnesia be distinguished? - Correct answer Psychogenic amnesia typically does not affect new-learning capacity while neurological amnesia does When does declarative memory first become fully available? - Correct answer Third year of life The capacity for declarative memory is linked to the development of what brain structure? - Correct answer Neocortex What are the six conceptualizations of mental health? - Correct answer Above normal, maturity, positive psychology, emotional intelligence, subjective well-being, and resilience What are the four crucial development criteria that transform a job or hobby into a career? - Correct answer Contentment, compensation, competence, and commitment Various studies have located human pleasurable experience to what part of the brain? - Correct answer Limbic areas, especially the orbitofrontal region, anterior cingulate, and insula What parts of the brain are the most responsible for making the past meaningful? - Correct answer Anterior cingulate gyrus and hippocampus What is the purpose of the prefrontal cortex? - Correct answer Estimates rewards and punishments and plays a critical role in adapting and regulating our emotional response to new situations
Significant, below average intelligence and impairment in adaptive functioning? - Correct answer Intellectual disability What are the four main communication disorders? - Correct answer Language disorder, speech sound disorder, childhood-onset fluency disorder, and social/pragmatic communication disorder Severe difficulties in social relatedness, communication, and a range of activity and repetitive and stereotypical patterns of behavior, including speech? - Correct answer Autism spectrum disorder Persistant inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity, or both that cause clinically significant impairment in functioning? - Correct answer Attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Difficulty acquiring specific skills in reading? - Correct answer Dyslexia Prominent hallucinations or delusions? - Correct answer Schizophrenia What are the three phases of schizophrenia and what occurs at each stage? - Correct answer Prodrome phase: deterioration in function before onset of the active psychotic phase Active phase: actual symtoms Residual phase: follows active phase and resembles the prodrome phase What is the time frame of a brief psychotic disorder? - Correct answer 1 day but less than 1 month What is the time frame of schizophrenia? - Correct answer at least 6 months What is the time frame of schizophreniform disorder? - Correct answer 1 and 6 months What is the time frame of schizoaffective disorder? - Correct answer Delusions or hallucinations for at least 2 weeks without coexisting prominent mood symptoms Motor abnormalities such as catalepsy, mutism, posturing, and negativism?
Severe mood swings between depression and elation and by remission and recurrence? - Correct answer Bipolar disorder Severe temper tantrums, chronic irritability, and angry mood diagnosed in children age 6 years and younger than age 18? - Correct answer Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder What is an example of a medical condition that can cause OCD? - Correct answer Streptococcal infection Memory loss of important personal information that is usually traumatic in nature? - Correct answer Dissociative amnesia Sudden travel away from home associated with partial or complete memory loss about one's identity? - Correct answer Dissociative fugue Deliberate feigning of physical or psychological symptoms to assume the sick role? - Correct answer Factitious disorder Person believes falsely that she is pregnant? - Correct answer Pseudocyesis Eating of non-nutritional substances? - Correct answer Pica Repeated regurgitation of food, usually beginning in infancy and childhood?
- Correct answer Rumination disorder Anger, irritability, defiance, and refusal to comply with regulations diagnosed in children and adolescence? - Correct answer Oppositional defiant disorder Uncontrolled outbursts of aggression? - Correct answer Intermittent explosive disorder Fighting and bullying? - Correct answer Conduct disorder Repeated fire setting? - Correct answer Pyromania Repeated stealing? - Correct answer Kleptomania
Mechanism by which several unconscious wishes, impulses, or attitudes can be combined into a single image in the manifest dream content? - Correct answer Condensation Transfer of amounts of energy from an original object to a substitute or symbolic representation of the object? - Correct answer Displacement Represents highly charged ideas or objects by using innocent images that were in some way connected with the idea or object being represented? - Correct answer Symbolization What is secondary revision? - Correct answer More mature and reasonable aspect of the ego working during to dreams to organize primitive aspects of dreams into a more coherent form How did Freud view anxiety dreams? - Correct answer He viewed the above mechanisms as a way to facilitate the discharge of latent impulses, rather than as protecting dreamers from anxiety and pain How did Freud view punishment dreams? - Correct answer He believed these dreams reflected a compromise between repressed wish and the repressing agency or conscience In the topographical model of the mind, Freud divided the mind into what three regions and what is the action of each section? - Correct answer Conscious: part of the mind in which perceptions coming from the outside world or from within the body or mind are brought into awareness Preconscious: mental events processes, and contents that can be brought into conscious awareness by the act of focusing attention Unconsciousness: contents and processes are kept from consciouses awareness through the force of censorship or repression The unconscious system is characterized by what process of thinking? - Correct answer Primary process thinking In Freud's view, an instinct has what four principle characteristics and what is the description of each? - Correct answer Source: part of the body from which the instinct arises Impetus: amount of force or intensity associated with the instinct Aim: action directed toward tension discharge or satisfaction
Object: target of the aim (usually a person) What are the three major tenets of psychoanalysis that were brought forth when Freud published Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality? - Correct answer He broadened the definition of sexuality to include forms of pleasure that transcend genital sexuality, established a developmental theory of childhood sexuality that delineated the vicissitudes erotic activity form birth through puberty, and he forged a conceptual ink between neuroses and perversions What are the 3 stages of sexuality? - Correct answer Oral, 12-18 months Anal, 18-36 months Phallic, 3 to 5 years What is ego libido? - Correct answer Entire libidinal investment is in physical needs and their satisfaction What is object libido? - Correct answer Libidinal investment is in the object What is secondary narcissism? - Correct answer Object libido is withdrawn and reinvested in the ego Pathological traits of the oral stage? - Correct answer Excessive optimism, narcissism, pessimism, demandingness, envy, and jealousy Pathological traits of the anal stage? - Correct answer Orderliness, obstinacy, stubbornness, willfulness, frugality, and parsimony Pathological traits of the urethral stage? - Correct answer Competitiveness and ambition Pathological traits of the phallic stage? - Correct answer Fear of castration in males and penis envy females Pathological traits of the latency stage? - Correct answer Lack of development of inner controls or an excess of them Pathological traits of the genital stage? - Correct answer Defects in emerging adult personality and identity formation
What is stage seven of the life cycle? - Correct answer Generatively versus stagnation (40 years to about 60 years) What is stage eight of the life cycle? - Correct answer Integrity versus despair (60 years to death) What conclusion did Frankl come to after his experience in Nazi camps? - Correct answer Even the most appalling circumstances could be endured if one found a way of making them meaningful Who believed in the self-actualization theory? - Correct answer Abraham Maslow What is positive psychology? - Correct answer Study of what makes life worth living What are the seven correlates of positive psychology? - Correct answer Number of friends, being married, being extroverted, being grateful, being religious, pursuing leisure activities, and employment According to positive psychology, what is the most important contributor to a satisfied life? - Correct answer Having good relationships with other people A positive institution shares what core characteristics? - Correct answer Purpose, safety, fairness, humanity, and dignity CHAPTER 17 - Correct answer CHAPTER 17 Term used to describe personality development and functioning as these are affected by sexuality? - Correct answer Psychosexual Sexuality depends on what four interrelated psychosexual factors? - Correct answer Sexual identity, gender identity, sexual orientation, and sexual behavior What causes for the differentiation from female to male in early development? - Correct answer Fetal androgens
When does the above process begins and end? - Correct answer Sixth week and is completed by the end of the third month Testis develop as a result of the action of what genes? - Correct answer SRY and SOX What gene plays a part in the development of both sexes? - Correct answer DAX What gene is needed for the development of the mullerian ducts in females? - Correct answer WNT Everybody has a strong sense of whether they are male or female by what age? - Correct answer 2 or 3 years The genetic influence on gender identity is active by what physiologically week of fetal life? - Correct answer 6th week Which parts of the cortex are involved in sexual behavior and for what specific parts? - Correct answer Orbitofrontal cortex: emotions Left anterior cingulate cortex: hormone control and sexual arousal Right caudate nucleus: factor in whether sexual activity follows arousal Which parts of the limbic system are involved in sexual behavior and for what specific parts? - Correct answer Lower part of septum, contiguous pre optic area, fimbria of the hippocampus, mammillary bodies, and the anterior thalamic nuclei which all elicit penile erections Which parts of the brainstem are involved in sexual behavior and for what specific parts? - Correct answer Nucelus paragigantocellularis projects to neurons in the lumbosacral spinal cord which secrete serotonin which inhibits orgasm Which neurotransmitters are involved in sexual behavior and for what specific parts? - Correct answer Dopamine: increases libido Serotonin: inhibits sexaula function Oxytocin: reinforces pleasurable activities
How does alcohol effect testosterone levels in males and females? - Correct answer Males: decreases Females: slight increase Type of neuropathy that can occur with the use of sildenafil? - Correct answer Nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) Which antidepressant can increase sex drive in some patients? - Correct answer Bupropion Depressed, tense, anxious, irritable, and show psychomotor agitation after a satisfactory sexual experience? - Correct answer Postcoital dysphoria What behavioral patterns are most often found in a sex addict? - Correct answer Paraphilias Use sexual activities to mask deep feelings of inferiority? - Correct answer Don Juanism Women who complain of continual feeling of sexual arousal, which is uncomfortable, demands please, and interferes with life pleasures and activities? - Correct answer Persisten genital arousal disorder (PGAD) What is the difference between sex addiction and PGAD in women? - Correct answer Women with PGAD are not even temporarily satisfied, physically or emotionally, by orgasm What is orgasmic anhedonia? - Correct answer Person has no physical sensation of orgasm, even though the physiological component is intact (ejaculation) When is a paraphilia clinically significant? - Correct answer If the person has acted on these fantasies or if these fantasies cause marked distress or interpersonal difficulty or job-related Recurrent urge to expose the genitals to a stranger or to an unsuspecting person? - Correct answer Exhibitionism
Characterized by a man's rubbing his penis against the buttocks or other body parts of a fully clothed woman to achieve orgasm? - Correct answer Frotteurism What are the five contributory causes of sexual sadism? - Correct answer Hereditary predisposition, hormonal malfunctioning, pathological relationships, a history of sexual abuse, and the presence of other mental disorders Recurrent preoccupation with fantasies and acts that involved observing suspecting persons who are naked or engaged in grooming or sexual activity? - Correct answer Voyeurism What is telephone scatologia? - Correct answer Obscene phone calling and involves an unsuspecting partner Obsession with obtaining sexual gratification from cadavers? - Correct answer Necrophilia Concentration of sexual activity on one part of the body to the exclusion of all others? - Correct answer Partialism Sexual pleasure associated with the desire to defecate on a partner, to be defecated on, or to eat feces? - Correct answer Coprophilia Compulsive utterance of obscene words? - Correct answer Coprolalia Uses of enemas as part of sexual stimulation? - Correct answer Klismaphilia Sexual pleasure associated with the desire to urinate on a partner or to be urinated on? - Correct answer Urophilia What are the five types of psychiatric interventions for paraphilias? - Correct answer External control, reduction of sexual drives, treatment of comorbind conditions, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and dynamic psychotherapy What are two examples of anti androgens? - Correct answer cyproterone acetate and medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo-Provera)
What other disease/disorder are includes amongst a differential diagnosis for gender dysphoria? - Correct answer Schizophrenia, body dysmorphic disorder, and transvestic disorder What drug can be give prior to the onset of puberty to block the development of secondary sexual characteristics? - Correct answer Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists What should one avoid doing when on estrogen? - Correct answer Smoking as it increases the risks for blood clots When a person is put on estrogen what other hormone should be monitored and why? - Correct answer Prolactin, in rare cases the patient may develop prolactinomas What are the surgeries that transgender individuals usually have performed? - Correct answer Metoidioplasty: clitoris is freed from the ligament attaching it to the body and tissue is added Scrotoplasty: placement of testicular implants Phalloplasty: creation of a penis Vaginoplasty Orhiectomies Name and describe the five intersex conditions? - Correct answer Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: enzymatic defect in adrenal cortisol which leads to the overproduction of adrenal androgens, and when the chromosomes are XX, virilization of the female fetus results Androgen insensitivity syndrome: tissues are unable to use testosterone Turner's syndrome: one sex chromosome is missing, X, patient has female genitalia, short stature, and sometimes a shield shaped chest and webbed neck Klinefelter's syndrome: XXY, patients have excessive gynecomastia, testes are small, usually without sperm production, and they are tall 5-a-reductase deficiency: enzymatic defect prevents the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, which is required for prenatal virilzation of the genitalia Which drug is helpful controlling impulses related to cross-dressing? - Correct answer Fluoxetine (Prozac)
CHAPTER 23 - Correct answer CHAPTER 23 Any disturbance in thoughts, feelings, or actions for which immediate therapeutic intervention is necessary? - Correct answer Psychiatric emergency What percentage of medical conditions present with psychiatric manifestations? - Correct answer One third What are the most common diagnosis in psychiatric emergency rooms? - Correct answer Mood disorders (including depressive disorders and manic episodes), schizophrenia, and alcohol dependence What is the primary goal of an emergency psychiatric evaluation? - Correct answer Timely assessment of the patient in crisis In a psychiatric emergency department, a psychiatrist assigns a patient to one of which three categories after first meeting with the patient? - Correct answer Emergency, urgent, and non urgent What is them most common question heard in the emergency room? - Correct answer "When am I going to see a doctor?" An emergency evaluation should address what five questions before disposition? - Correct answer Is it safe for the patient to be in the emergency room?, Is the problem organic, functional, or a combination?, Is the patient psychotic?, Is the patient suicidal or homicidal?, To what degree is the patient capable of self-care? When a patient is labeled as "psychiatric" in the emergency department, their complaints may not be taken seriously by nonmental health professionals and patients with what disorder may have their conditions deteriorate? - Correct answer Major Axis I syndrome Impairment in what areas may lead to difficulties in conducting an evaluation? - Correct answer Patient's degree of withdrawal from objective reality, level of affectivity, intellectual functioning, and degree of regression
