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Cardiovascular, Digestive, Respiratory,
and Urinary Systems Relevancy Module
4 Exam
Psychology and exercise are interrelated. Select all of the following ways that exercise provides psychological benefits. - Correct Ans:โโ all except: regular exercise often increases long term stress, exercise decreases "feel good" hormones, such as endorphins and seratonin, exercise can restructure the brain, remind connections in areas that cause pain and discomfort Complete the paragraph to describe how relationships between organisms are depicted. Answers may be used more than once or not at all. - Correct Ans:โโ To group organisms, scientists use a hierarchical system of classification. These groups are based on shared evolutionary characteristics. When studying these relationships, scientists use visual diagrams called phylogenetic trees. These diagrams contain nodes showing common ancestors and branches that extend out towards individual organisms. The nodes shows the common ancestor for the various branches that diverge from it.
Use the following diagram to complete the paragraph about how our body's metabolic pathways produce energy. Answer choices may be used more than once or not at all. - Correct Ans:โโ Carbohydrates are processed by the cells in our bodies and turned into energy through the process of cellular respiration. In addition to carbohydrates, proteins and fats can also be used to generate energy. Special enzymes break down these nutrients and they enter into different parts of the cellular respiration pathway. One molecule of glucose (a carbohydrate) will yield 36-38 ATP molecules. In contrast, proteins and fats generally yield fewer ATP molecules than carbohydrates. Complete the following paragraph to describe the impact that weight gain can have on the systems of the body. - Correct Ans:โโ Excess weight gain can cause a(n) increase in the amount of fatty tissue in the nose and throat, causing sleep apnea and snoring. Deposits of fatty tissue in the arteries can develop into atherosclerosis and hypertension over time, increasing the risk of stroke and heart disease. Obesity can cause a(n) decrease in the efficiency of the immune system, resulting in more infections. Excess weight gain can put undo pressure on the bones and joints of the skeletal system, resulting in osteoarthritis.
Lizard - all Complete the following paragraph to describe the evolutionary history of limbs. Answer choices may be used more than once or not at all. - Correct Ans:โโ One of the first fossils that is thought to be an intermediary between fish and amphibians is Tiktaalik. This organism had gills, similar to fish, but had wrist bones, similar to those found in amphibians. These fossils date back 375 million years ago and represent the beginnings of the tetrapods, organisms with four limbs. The limbs of amphibians, reptiles, and mammals are all organized in similar ways, suggesting their bone structures evolved together before diverging into their modern-day groups. The genetic development of limbs is due to the expression of different genes at different points during the development process. One such responsible for the development of limbs is called Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) and is seen as limb buds present by the fifth week of embryonic development. Runners sweat a lot while exercising. The body has mechanisms in place for maintaining the concentration of water in the blood despite all of the sweating. Complete the following paragraph to describe these processes. - Correct Ans:โโ As sweat is lost during exercise, the circulatory system carries additional water to the skin's surface. The overall water concentration in blood decreases unless extra water is consumed.
Meanwhile, signaling hormones tell the urinary system to conserve water. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is produced by the hypothalamus and transported to the posterior pituitary gland, where it is released into the blood. The circulatory system carries ADH to the kidneys, where it binds to receptors. This increases the water concentration in the blood, maintaining homeostasis. The kidneys are stimulated to return as much water to the blood as possible. Complete the following paragraph to describe how lifestyle may influence weight. Answer choices may be used more than once or not at all. - Correct Ans:โโ In order to maintain homeostasis, or a constant internal environment, the amount of calories coming in needs to balance the number of calories being spent. If we consume more calories than we spend, we are likely to gain weight. In contrast, if we consume fewer calories than we spend, we are likely to lose weight. Also, as we age, our metabolism slows down, so less energy is needed to maintain our bodies' daily functions. During adolescent years, children grow and develop rapidly and need more calories. Later in life, the body doesn't grow or develop as quickly and fewer calories are needed.
For example, blood vessels dilate, allowing heat to dissipate and sweat glands release sweat that evaporates to cool the body. Complete the following paragraph to describe the concept of common ancestry. Answer choices may be used more than once or not at all. - Correct Ans:โโ Life on earth is organized into different categories based on shared characteristics. These characteristics include morphological traits and similarities in DNA sequence. Scientists can use these characteristics to trace the lineage of organisms and determine their common ancestry. The term common ancestry describes how these traits were passed down from a common ancestor, from parent to offspring over many generations. For example, both fish and humans have gills at some phase of their development (humans have gills while still in utero), meaning they share a(n) common ancestry. Complete the following paragraph to describe how living organisms are related. Use the diagram to help you. Answers may be used more than once or not at all. - Correct Ans:โโ All three domains, Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea, all share a(n) common ancestor. It is believed that the bacteria evolved first and the archaea evolved next. This means that the eukarya are more closely related to the archaea than they are to the bacteria.
Both the bacteria and the archaea contain single-celled prokaryotes, while the eukarya contain single-celled and multi-celled eukaryotes. Within domain Eukarya, protists evolved first. There are plant-like protists that contain chlorophyll and animal-like protists that do not contain chlorophyll. Place the following groups in order to describe the classification of life from most inclusive (largest group) to least inclusive (smallest group). - Correct Ans:โโ Domain 1 Supergroup 2 Kingdom 3 Phylum 4 Class 5 Order 6 Family 7 Genus
Scientists can also use molecular data as evidence for common ancestry, as organisms that are closely related all share common sequences of DNA Complete the following paragraph to describe how the human body is organized. Answer choices may be used more than once or not at all. - Correct Ans:โโ Like all living things, humans are composed of basic units of life called cells. These cells are organized into tissues that are specialized to perform common functions. These tissues are then grouped together to form organs that carry out different functions in the body. These organs work together in organ systems, each of which carries out an overall function essential to maintaining homeostasis in humans. Select all of the ways that weight can impact the systems of the body. - Correct Ans:โโ arteriosclerosis due to buildup of fatty deposits in arteries, sleep apnea due to restricted airflow in the respiratory system, infertility due to hormonal imbalances, problems with blood sugar regulation, hypertension A person running a marathon needs a lot of energy, which is harnessed by the cells in your body. Complete the following paragraph to describe how this process occurs. Answer choices may be used more than once or not at all. - Correct Ans:โโ When food is ingested, the digestive system uses enzymes to break down food into nutrients that the body can use.
When nutrients reach cells, they are transported to the mitochondria, where aerobic respiration occurs. During this process, one molecule of glucose produces 36 molecules of ATP. The molecules of ATP are used to power countless cell activities, including moving materials into and out of the cell, producing DNA and proteins, and muscle contractions. If oxygen is in short supply, aerobic respiration cannot occur and fermentation occurs instead. During this process, glucose is split and produces 2 molecules of ATP, and lactic acid is produced as a byproduct.
