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Understanding Temperature and Heat Measurements: Thermometers, Scales, and Units, Exercises of Applied Thermodynamics
An in-depth exploration of temperature and heat measurements, including the concept of temperature as a physical quantity, the four main temperature scales (Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin, and Rankine), and the various types of thermometers (solid, liquid, gas, and thermocouple). It also covers the principles behind how thermometers work and the units used to measure temperature and heat. Additionally, the document includes conversions between different temperature scales and calculations of work and power consumption.
What you will learn
- How are temperature and heat measured in industrial processes?
- How do solid, liquid, gas, and thermocouple thermometers work?
- What is the difference between temperature and heat?
- What is temperature and how is it measured?
- What are the four main temperature scales and how do they differ?
Typology: Exercises
2021/2022
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Temperature: The physical quantity that tells how warm or cold a body is with respect to some standard body.
- Proportional to the average kinetic energy of the particles of a body.
- Determines the direction in which thermal energy flows between substances.
Temperature and Heat Measurements / Units
Temperature is measured by an instrument called a Thermometer.
4 Types of Thermometers:
- Solid
- Liquid
- Gas
- Thermocouple
Solid Thermometers (Metal)
Contains a bi-metal coil (2 metals bonded together with different expansion rates) which winds or unwinds when temperature changes. (Typically brass and steel/iron)
The bimetallic strip thermometer, because it is made of metal, is good at controlling very sensitive things. (House furnace, ovens, refrigerator, etc.)
The longer the bimetal element the better accuracy.
Glass tube filled with liquid (often mercury or alcohol) that expands/contracts with air temperature
Gas Thermometer A Gas filled bulb to which a pressure gauge is attached. Usually this gas is hydrogen or helium. This is used on a large range of temperatures.
Gas thermometers measure temperature by changes in the pressure of a gas kept at constant volume
Thermocouple A device consisting of two different conductors (usually metal alloys) that produce a voltage, proportional to a temperature difference, between either end of the two wires.
- Applications include temperature measurement for large gas ovens, diesel engines, and other industrial processes.
- Temperatures range from -270ºC to 700ºC.