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Stages of Second Language Development ✔✔Preproduction...Early Production...Speech Emergent...Intermediate Fluency...Advanced Fluency
Preproduction ✔✔1 to 3 months...non verbal responses...activiely listens...responds to commands...reluctant to speak...TEACHERS: use gestures, realia, pictures...do not force students to speak
Early Production ✔✔ 1 - 2 word answers....mostly present tense verbs....TEACHERS: ask short answer questions...yes/no...either/or
Speech Emergent ✔✔Several months to 1 year...participates in small group activities...short phrases...some L1...grammar errors...TEACHERS: ask open ended questions...performance based assessments
Intermediate Fluency ✔✔ 3 - 5 years...struggles with abstract, cognitively demanding subjects, especially with literacy...few grammatical errors...TEACHERS: provide comprehensible & interactive activities...teach thinking & study skills
Advanced Fluency ✔✔ 5 - 7 yearss...developed content area vocabulary...participates in grade level activities with minimal support...TEACHERS: continue to support students as necessary
Krashen's Natural Approach ✔✔focus on natural communication...speech will emerge...goal is the learn BICS for everyday situations
BICS ✔✔Basic Interpersonal Communcation Skills...social & conversational language...2- 3 years to understand social language..."recess talk"
Affective Filter ✔✔think of a car window...down: info passes through and students learn...up: high level of anxiety, blocks info from reaching learner
Cummin's Iceberg Model ✔✔surface features to two languages (top of two separated icebergs)...concepts are transferable from L1 to L2...CUP
Student Support Schema ✔✔4 quadrants of cognitive and lingusitc demands...TEACHERS: have cognitively demanding tasks that are context embedded
Behaviorism ✔✔learning is based on stimulus repsonse...Pavlov and Skinner were notable behaviorist
Grammar-Translation Method ✔✔associate with Greek & Latin...focused on grammatical rules, syntactic structures, rote memorization...time spent talking ABOUT language, but no time talking IN the language
Direct Method ✔✔learn best by listening in large quantities...connecting words and prases to actions and objects...L1 translation not allowed
Audiolingual Method ✔✔memorization & recall of patterns...patterned drills & dialouge to develop grammatical structures & vocabulary in a sequence
The Communicative Approach ✔✔student centered...communication based...not in a sequence...must provide context for authentic communication
Constructivism ✔✔meaning from experiences...born with ability to acquire language comprehension...enviromental interactions
The Silent Way ✔✔teacher is silent...students describe what they observe in L2...L1 not used...students develop their own critieria for language acquisition
The Natural Way ✔✔aka Krashen's Natural Approach...language develops naturally in stages...comprehension preceeds production...communicative goals guide instruction...interactive activities lower affective filter
Suggestopedia ✔✔fear of language learning stops rapid acquisition...create a relaxing environement to enhance acquisition...students see text in L1 then L2...use conversation, retelling, role playing...downfall was budget cuts
Community Language Learning ✔✔students choose what they want to learn...collaborate with each other...teacher is conselor...L1 is encouraged...similar to Natural Approach
Top-Down Method ✔✔traditional view at the contextual level...Listening, Speaking, Reading, Writing
Bottom-Up Method ✔✔traditional order is reversed...writing taught first...students develop quicker because it is a private activity so the affective filter is low
Dual Immersion Education ✔✔native & non-native work together...all students learning through two languages being translated back to back...students assume leadership roles, grade level instruction in both languages...strive for bilingualism & biliteracy
Transitional Bilingual Education ✔✔first aquire fluency in L1...goal is to transition into English only classroom asap...3 years of lessons in L1 while learning L2...many skills transfer to the L later
ESL Pull Out ✔✔most expensive, least effective...common in elementary schools...students pulled out for a portion of the day to recieve instruction in ESL
ESL Collaboration/Push In ✔✔most of day in mainstream...team teaching & team planning...ESL instruction is integrated into the content areas using listening, speaking, reading, writing, study skills, content vocabulary & cultural orientation
