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What is believed to share a common ancestor
with plants? Why?
Green algae b/c of similar functions in the development of the cell walls TERM 2
Basic needs for plants to move to terrestrial
habitats
DEFINITION 2 -Nutrient Acquisition: complex root system, photosynthesis,xylem and phloem, symbiotic relations -Support: root systems, higher cellulose volumes, ligin -Desiccation Resistance: sporangia and spore with hardy coat, distinct epidermal layer, presence of waxy cuticle Reproduction: antheridia and archegonia, evolution of pollen and seeds, new dispersal strategies (insects) TERM 3
First land plants. What are their
characteristics?
DEFINITION 3 -non vascular -initially colonized bare rock -Three phyla: 1) Hepatophyta 2) Anthocerophyta 3) Bryophyta Characteristics: Small, dominant in hostile enviornments TERM 4
Alternation of Generations Dependency:
sporophyte vs. gametophyte
DEFINITION 4 sporophyte needs gametophyte to germinate successfully TERM 5
Mosses
DEFINITION 5 Phylum Bryophyta -gametophyte is ominant -sporophyte is nutritionally dependent on gametophyte --gametophyte grows upright in dense mats, have stem and leaf like structures
Liverworts
Phylum Hepatophyta: -usually lobed and in one place -pores, rhizoids, no stomata -dominant gametophyte & is low to the substrate and are flat lobed structures TERM 7
Hornworts
DEFINITION 7 Phylum Anthocerophyta -sporophyte: resemble tiny broom handles -photosynthetic, single large chloroplast in each cell, have stomata TERM 8
Advantages of Leaves
DEFINITION 8 early land plants did not have them -make it easier to convert sunlight to photosynthesis TERM 9
Desiccation
DEFINITION 9 sporangia and spore with hardy coat, distinct epidermal layer, presence of waxy cuticle TERM 10
Alternation of Generations
DEFINITION 10 -general life cycle for plants -Sporophytes: (diploid) produces spores via meiosis -Gametophytes: develop from spores (haploid) fuse with another gametophyte to form zygote which forms a sporophyte
Homosporous
Plant species that has a single kind of spore, which typically develops into a bisexual gametophyte Groups: Hepatophyta, Bryophyta, Lycophyta, Pterophyta TERM 17
Heterosporous
DEFINITION 17 Plant species that has two kinds of spores 1) Microspores: develop into male gametophyte 2) Megaspores: develop into female gametophyte Groups: Lycophyta, Pterophyta, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms TERM 18
Gymnosperms
DEFINITION 18 naked seeds, cone bearing seed plants, lack flowers therefore have naked seeds without fruit TERM 19
Angiosperms
DEFINITION 19 differ from gymnosperms because angiosperms are flowering plants TERM 20
Cone
DEFINITION 20 allows for seed dispersal. Males are very small, while female cones are the larger typical cones
Human use of conifers
wood and decoration TERM 22
Location of male and female cones
DEFINITION 22 Male cones: lower female cones: higher TERM 23
Pollination of gymnosperms
DEFINITION 23 -large dispersal of pollen in the air TERM 24
Why juniper berries are not equivalent to
strawberries
DEFINITION 24 they are not derived from ovaries. TERM 25
Cycads superficially resemble tree ferns, but
they are not related. Why?
DEFINITION 25 because they get wider through secondary growth.
Herbivores
consume autotrophs (primary consumers) TERM 32
Carnivores
DEFINITION 32 consume heterotrophs (other consumers) TERM 33
Omnivores
DEFINITION 33 consumer both autotrophs and heterotrophs (like us!) TERM 34
Detritivores
DEFINITION 34 eat dead/decomposing organisms TERM 35
Invertebrates vs.
Vertebrates
DEFINITION 35 Invertebrates lack a central nerve cord and mid like endoskeleton to follow the nerve cord, while vertebrates do. Vertebrates belong to the phylum Vertebrata and they are in the super group unikonta.
Choanoflagellates
filter feeders who use flagella to create a water current to pull in bacteria and then digest it. They are believed to share a common ancestor with sponges because sponges feed the same way and have very identical cells TERM 37
Key Features of Sponges
DEFINITION 37 No true tissues filter feeding using flagellated motion produce water current TERM 38
Cellular Complexity in Sponges
DEFINITION 38 spicules: mesohyl: choanocytes: create water current porocytes: engulf food via phagocytosis archaeocytes: TERM 39
Three Main Types of Sponge Morphology &
Problems/benefits with each body plan
DEFINITION 39
- Asconoid: have the simplest design, Problem: morphology limits size 2) Syconoid: reduced atrial volume, increased surface area Benefit: increased surface area allows for increased size = more nutrients 3) Leuconoid:network of canals throughout sponge, lots of choanocytes, Benefit: INCREDIBLE increase in surface area TERM 40
Basic Features of a cnidarian
DEFINITION 40 radially symmetrical, are diploblastic, digestive cavity has a single opening, have tentacles with cnidocytes, and nematocysts which are harpoon like stingers. Polyps and Medusa are life stages in a cnidarian life cycles.
Flatworms
(Platyhelminthes) Triploblastic, Acoelomates, Bilateral Symmetry, Unsegmented, incomplete digestive cavity if present, mostly hermaphroditic TERM 47
Annelids
DEFINITION 47 (segmented worms): bilateral symmetry, coelomates, segmented, complete digestive tract, most have setae/chaetae, hydrostatic skeleton TERM 48
Round Worms
DEFINITION 48 (Nematoda): Pseudocoelomates, Unsegmented, bilateral symmetry, complete digestive tract, live in great numbers in soil and aquatic sediments, important parasites of plants/animals TERM 49
Bilateral Symmetry Advantages
DEFINITION 49 allows for cephalization, evolution of a head, or anterior region. Development of structures: feeding, sensing the environment, processing information TERM 50
Advantages of Triploblastic-ness
DEFINITION 50 animals whose embryos have three types of tissues: endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm. These additional tissues allow for increased cellular complexity, tissue diversity, and allows for coelomic evolution.
The advantages of a coelom
allows for circulation to occur along with internal organs. The coelom also allows for a hydrostatic skeleton, which allows animals to move without fins or limbs allowing them to exploit new habitats. TERM 52
advantages of segmentation
DEFINITION 52 allows for specialization and independent movement of various body parts. TERM 53
Platyhelminthes Feeding
DEFINITION 53 Tubellarians: feed with pharynx Trematodes & Cestoda: parasitic (absorb their food) TERM 54
Tubularians, Trematodes and Cestode feeding
DEFINITION 54 Tubularians are free living, while Trematodes and Cestodes (Tapeworms) are parasitic TERM 55
Complex life cycle in parasitic organisms
DEFINITION 55 consist of having multiple hosts that allow it to grow and develop in its different life stages
Polychaeta Feeding
mostly as filter feeders, but some are predators. TERM 62
Protostome Development
DEFINITION 62 distinguished by the development of the mouth from the blastopore TERM 63
Deuterostome Development
DEFINITION 63 distinguished by the development of the anus from the blastopore TERM 64
General characteristics of a mollusk
DEFINITION 64 soft bodies coelomates whose bodies are divided into three parts: heat-foot, visceral mass, & mantle. Have cephalization (anterior mouth). Many have shells, most possess a unique rasping tounge, called a radula. TERM 65
Mollusca
DEFINITION 65 Polyplacophora, Gastropoda, Bivalvia & Cephalopoda
Polyplacophora
Class Polyplacophora (chitons):have 8 CaCO3 plates on their back and a very large head-foot TERM 67
Gastropoda
DEFINITION 67 (snails, slugs, nudibranchs): Found Everywhere! slugs and snails TERM 68
Bivalvia
DEFINITION 68 (clams, mussels, oysters, scallops): Two shells, many specialized for living w/in soft sediments TERM 69
Cephalopoda
DEFINITION 69 (octopi, squid, nautiluses): Predetors, extreme development of the nervous system TERM 70
Differences between snails, slugs, and
nudibranchs
DEFINITION 70 Snails have a shell Slugs (land) and nudibranches (marine) have lost their shell
Characteristics of arthropods
triploblastic, coelomates, true digestive system, chitionous exoskeleton, segmented bodies, distinct regions (tagmata), paired, jointed appendages, grow by molting. TERM 77
Five Subphyla of
Arthropoda:
DEFINITION 77 Trilobita Crustacea Cheliceriforme Myriapoda Insecta TERM 78
Trilobita
DEFINITION 78 now extinct TERM 79
Crustacea
DEFINITION 79 segmented body, divided into two tagmanta (regions) possess tow pairs of antennae and mandibles. Lobsters, crayfish, crabs, barnacles TERM 80
Cheliceriformes
DEFINITION 80 2 tagmata, 6 appendages, no antennae, compound eyes, dioecious. Horseshoe crabs, spiders, scorpoins, ticks and mites
Myriapoda
two tagmata, trunk features, dioecious. Centipedes (predetors) and Millipedes (detritivores) TERM 82
Insecta
DEFINITION 82 MOST SPECIOUS. Body consists of head, thorax, abdomen, have compound eyes, three pairs of legs, wings are optional, metamorphosis ( many, but not all) TERM 83
Basic Characteristics of an echinoderm:
DEFINITION 83 Deuterostome development, larva are bilateral, adults often posses five-part radial symmetry. water-vascular system with hundreds of tube fee, calcium carbonate endoskeleton of spiny plates, most dioecious with external fertilization TERM 84
water vascular systems and tube feet work in
echinoderms:
DEFINITION 84 Water comes in the madreporite and goes through the ring canal, eventually leading to the ampulla, which are basically little balloons that compress and allow for the extension of tube feet TERM 85
Endoskeleton
DEFINITION 85 inside the organism, grows with the organism
Class Echinoidea
SEA URCHINS Lack arms Very spiny test (covering) Movable spines Tube feet w/ suckers Specialized feeding structure - Aristotles Lanteren TERM 92
Class Holothuroidea
DEFINITION 92 SEA CUCUMBERS Lack arms Bottom dwellers (often in deep water) Tube feet - Buccal tube feet Popular food item! Variable body texture - Mutable (catch) connective tissue Evisceration as a defense (predator moves in..it releases internal structures) TERM 93
Subphylum Cephalochordata
DEFINITION 93 Resembles larval tunicate Resembles early fish Amphioxus Sand lancelet Extremely plentiful in sandy habitats around the world TERM 94
Characteristics of Chordata:
DEFINITION 94
- Bilateral Symmetry: high cephalization, segmented body, triploblastic, coelom 2) Complete digestive tract 3) 5 Unique Characteristics Notochord skeletal rod, Dorsal, tubular nerve chord Pharyngeal pouches, Endostyle (thyroid gland), Post anal tail TERM 95
Subphylum Urochordata
DEFINITION 95 Tunicates or sea squirts Non-living test/tunic Solitary/colonial Incurrent/excurrent siphon Filter feeders
Subphylum Craniata
Class Myxini Hagfish Carrion feeders- most disgusting organisms in the ocean Notochord persistent; naked skin No true vertebrate Cartilaginous skeletons Jaws absent TERM 97
Subphylum Craniata
DEFINITION 97 Class Petromyzontida Lampreys Parasitic Possess a notochord as adults Have primitive, cartilaginous vertebrea Jawless TERM 98
Subphylum Craniata The fishes
DEFINITION 98 -Class Chondrichthyes: vertebrates, true jaws cartilaginous skeletons -Sharks, skates, rays Exposed gill slits( have to move continously to get O2) -Osteichthyes Bony fishes Fins supported by dermal rays and bony elements gills covered by operculum TERM 99
Subphylum Craniata the amphibians
DEFINITION 99 Skeleton mostly bony Most are tetrapod Skin moist with secretion glands Respiration via lungs, skin Require water for reproduction TERM 100
Subphylum Craniata the
Reptiles
DEFINITION 100 Keratinized epidermal scales Few glands Typically tetrapod - not snakes, legless lizards Respiration by lungs, cloaca, skin
