Download TEST 2 - chapters 4, 5, 6, 8 | PSYC - Psychology and more Quizzes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!
Consciousness
State of awareness of your environment and yourself. TERM 2
Sleep
DEFINITION 2 Most common form of altered consciousness. restore energy process unfinished information allows us to dream --> Some say it's a habit and others say it's a severe reduction in sensory stimulation TERM 3
What are the two kinds of sleep?
DEFINITION 3 NREM (non-rapid eye movement) REM (rapid eye movement) TERM 4
What is NREM sleep?
DEFINITION 4 First 4-stages of sleep (non-rapid eye movement) all other muscles may move brain waves inactive` TERM 5
What happens during NREM sleep?
DEFINITION 5 On average, 90-minute cycles; humans go through 4- cycles/night. dreams can occur but unlikely
What is REM sleep?
The 5, and last, stage of sleep (rapid eye movement) all other muscles are paralyzed
1. prevent you from acting out your dreams brain waves active TERM 7
What happens during REM sleep?
DEFINITION 7 See similar card: NREM sleep. dreams occur most often here TERM 8
What is a healthy number of hours of
sleep?
DEFINITION 8 7-9 hours; varies with age < this amount may affect mood
this amount may cause drowsiness TERM 9
What are some effects of sleep deprivation?
DEFINITION 9 causes anxiety level to rise pain threshold is lowered (little aches & pains become noticeable) blurred vision hallucinations anger TERM 10
What are some sleep disorders?
DEFINITION 10 S. I. N. S. E. (since) S leep Apnea I nsomnia N arcolepsy S omnambulism E nuresis
How do drugs affect consciousness?
They chemically alter the conscious. TERM 17
What are the types of drugs?
DEFINITION 17 Narcotics - Opiates - Opioids Depressants Stimulants Hallucinatives TERM 18
What are Narcotics?
DEFINITION 18 Pain-killers. --> highly addictive codeine morphine heroin TERM 19
What are Depressants?
DEFINITION 19 Drugs that have a sedative effect on the CNS by inhibitingneurotransmitters. barbituates(uncommon) alcohol (common) **stress speeds neurotransmitters up and causes you to be wired **alcohol slows them down and relaxes you very addictive TERM 20
What are stimulants?
DEFINITION 20 Drugs that increase arousal by increasing the neurotransmitters.**AKA - amphetamines or speed **highly addictive Methamphetamine Benzedrine Cocaine Ritalin Caffeine Nicotine Dexadine Ecstasy
What are Hallucinatives?
Drugs that radically distort perception & usually cause hallucinations.--psychologically addictive LSD (acid) --causes vivid hallucinations Shrooms PCP (animal tranquilizer) --gives abnormal strength Toads (smuggled in) --secretes defensive substance which is licked off back Weed (radically distorts reality) TERM 22
Physiological Addiction
DEFINITION 22 Body becomes dependent on the drug and has to have it to function. TERM 23
Psychological Addiction
DEFINITION 23 Body doesn't need the drug, but your mind thinks it does. TERM 24
What is Hypnosis?
DEFINITION 24 An altered state of consciousness that allows you to have suggestions planted in your mind. are put into a state of relaxation and are talked deep into an induction causes you to have this behavior when in contact with this stimulus Discovered by Franz Anton Mesmer TERM 25
Franz Anton Mesmer
DEFINITION 25 Unintentionally hypnotized people through his use of magnetic tools. 1800's terms "mesmerize" and "magnetic personality" derived from him
Disinhibition
Lowers inhibition & causes you to do things you normally wouldn't. TERM 32
Stimulus
DEFINITION 32 Anything that can cause a behavior. TERM 33
Response
DEFINITION 33 Behavior that results from the stimulus. TERM 34
Ivan Pavlov
DEFINITION 34 Behaviorism -- measured amount of saliva produced when dog is given meat powder (bell - meat - salivation). Classical Conditioning TERM 35
What is Classical Conditioning?
DEFINITION 35 Repeatedly pairing two stimuli until they form an association so both produce the same response. Pavlov's Dog Exp. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) = Meat (natural stimulus - naturally caused salivation) Conditioned Stimulus (CS) = Bell (learned stimulus) Unconditioned Response (UCR) = Salivation (Meat) Conditioned Response (CR) = Salivation (Bell)
John B. Watson & Rosalie
Raynor
Both worked closely together and replicated all of Pavlov's experiments. Later went into advertising w/ CR.EXP. Little Albert --> classically conditioned 9 mo. old boy and gave him a phobia --> introduced to thing --> frightened -->calmed down --> repeated Stimuls Generalization Watson Pavlov's predecessor. Father of Behaviorism TERM 37
Phobia
DEFINITION 37 An irrational fear of something. TERM 38
Stimulus Generalization
DEFINITION 38 Once you condition a response to a stimulus, similar stimuli will produce the same response. TERM 39
Name 7 applications of Classical Conditioning.
DEFINITION 39
- Ads2. Phobias3. Lamaze (breathing exercises for pregnant women)4. Military Training5. Test anxiety6. Diets7. Rehab TERM 40
B.F. Skinner
DEFINITION 40 Behaviorist. Operant Conditioning --> 4 outcomes "Skinner Box" - reward dispenser. if you do certain behavior, receive reward. (demonstrated with pigeons & button w/ food dispenser)
Shaping
Just as important as Consequences!Teach complicated behaviors in small steps and reward every success. Permanent changes.EX. teaching tricks to pets. reward with treat. TERM 47
Blocking
DEFINITION 47 Memory error when you cannot access stored information. TERM 48
Episodic Memory
DEFINITION 48 A type of declarative memory that contains information about events we have personally experienced, also known as autobiographical memory. TERM 49
Explicit Memory
DEFINITION 49 Memories we consciously try to remember and recall. TERM 50
Flashbulb Memory
DEFINITION 50 Exceptionally clear recollection of an important event.
Implicit Memory
Memories that are not part of our consciousness. TERM 52
Misattribution
DEFINITION 52 Memory error in which you confuse the source of your information. TERM 53
Transcience
DEFINITION 53 Memory error in which unused memories fade with the passage of time. TERM 54
Cognitive Map
DEFINITION 54 A mental picture of the layout of the environment. TERM 55
Extinction
DEFINITION 55 A decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus.
Pheromene
A chemical message sent by another individual. TERM 62
Subliminal Message
DEFINITION 62 A message presented below the threshold of conscious awareness. TERM 63
Vertigo
DEFINITION 63 Spinning sensation. TERM 64
Principle of Closure
DEFINITION 64 Organize perceptions into complete objects rather than a series of parts. TERM 65
Circadian Rhythm
DEFINITION 65 The biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours.
Evolutionary Psychology
A discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection. TERM 67
Homeostasis
DEFINITION 67 The tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system. TERM 68
Lucid Dreaming
DEFINITION 68 People become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content. TERM 69
Meditation
DEFINITION 69 Clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus. TERM 70
Melatonin
DEFINITION 70 A hormone secreted by the endocrine gland that serves as an important regulator of the sleep-wake cycle.
Declarative Memory
Cognitive - requires thinking.1. Sensory Memory2. Short-term Memory3. Long-term Memory TERM 77
Sensory Memory
DEFINITION 77 All information from your 5 senses goes here. in/out < a sec TERM 78
Short-term Memory
DEFINITION 78 Anything you're currently aware of. stays here just long enough for us to use it limited room (7-pcs) TERM 79
Long-term Memory
DEFINITION 79 Information is stored for a long time, but not permanently. limitless TERM 80
Retrieval Cue
DEFINITION 80 Any stimulus that helps you gain access to a memory.
Mnemonics
Devices that aid memory. TERM 82
Elaboration
DEFINITION 82 Building on one memory by making many associations with it. multiple access routes = easier to recall TERM 83
Chunking
DEFINITION 83 Putting information into meaningful groups. grouping #'s 1-9 into one giant # TERM 84
Interference Effects
DEFINITION 84 Things that interfere with memory.1. Proactive2. Retroactive TERM 85
Proactive Interference
DEFINITION 85 When previously learned information interferes with learning something new.( pro -active => pre -vious)
Theory of Failure of
Consolation
Before memory can be permanently stored in long-term, a certain amount of time must pass for it to consolidate. 2-3 hours to complete retrograde amnesia - anything traumatic will wipe out the memory TERM 92
Theory of Motivated Forgetting
DEFINITION 92
- Repression2. Suppression3. Dissociative Amnesia4. Dissociative Identity Disorder (multiple personality) TERM 93
Repression
DEFINITION 93 Automatic; brain puts memories away for good. TERM 94
Suppression
DEFINITION 94 Can deliberately put away memory and pull it back up when you're ready to use it. TERM 95
Dissociative Amnesia
DEFINITION 95 More severe form of repression; Can cause you to partially or even totally lose your identity. become so stressed out, completely forget who you are
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Become so stressed out that identity gets shattered into fragments and each fragment becomes its own identity. male/female each personality responsible for their own, separate tasks such as cleaning, hw, work, etc TERM 97
Theory of Somatogenic Amnesia
DEFINITION 97 Selective memory loss due to physiological reasons. "blow" to the head (or concussion) excessive drug and alcohol use breathing polluted air radiation diseases such as Alzheimer's
