Download Test 2 | ENGL 464 - The History of the English Language and more Quizzes French Philology in PDF only on Docsity!
Standard dialects serve what two purposes
- Common means of communication2) Used as social marker TERM 2
How does a standard evolve (3)
DEFINITION 2
- Can evolve naturally, associated with a body of work2) An institution can be created to define it3) Dialect selected or imposed by a government TERM 3
What are the story lines that are leading to a
standard? (5)
DEFINITION 3
- Literacy rates are increasing2) French has disappeared by late 14th century3) House standards4) London is becoming more important attracting more people5) Wycliffe's Bible TERM 4
Why weren't there more complaints about the
language?
DEFINITION 4 There was no standard quite yetIt was still changing a lot TERM 5
Pnonemic
DEFINITION 5 A part of the language a native speaker can differentiatee.g. 'kitten' 'take' 'pat' 'truck': all different sounds but we know they're all t's
What was the Chancery
It was an area where lots of offices and ports and what not were. They put out lots of legal documents and used similar language to make sure they were well understood. TERM 7
William Caxton
DEFINITION 7 1476Introduced the printing press to England.>More texts were available>Spelling--Standardized by 16th century but pronunciation hasn't stopped changing TERM 8
How did Caxton's replacements help to
standardize English?
DEFINITION 8
- Spelling2) New distinction between i and j; u and v3) spelling distinction between short and long vowels>Doubling: Orrm, "sitting">Silent e: "ride"4) Punctuation5) Fashion: you want to use langauge the way people you admire use it TERM 9
Puttenham's Good vs. Bad
language
DEFINITION 9 Good: Urban, common, upper class, current, men'sBad: Rural, intellectual, lower class, archaic, women's TERM 10
Tyndale's Bible
DEFINITION 10 1525Lollards wanted to translate Bible into the vernacular
Things beginning to lead to a standard
- Distinction between lered and lewed speech2) increasing awareness and importance of class distinction3) A large increase in borrowed words from Italian, Spanish,, French, Latin etc4) New spellings5) Changes in morphology6) New compounds and abbreviations TERM 17
Functional Shift
DEFINITION 17 Using a word that is one part of speech as another TERM 18
Transcriptional Anemia
DEFINITION 18 Standardizing can make a huge difference changes it in major and minor ways--e.g. Emily Dickenson's poems being translated TERM 19
Period of Social and Political upheaval
DEFINITION 19 ReformationDissolution of monasteriesGunpowder PlotTwo Civil WarsExecution of a KingIrish and Scottish rebellionsThe RestorationGreat Plague and Fire"Glorious" RevolutionThree Dutch Wars TERM 20
Economic Issues:
DEFINITION 20 Inflation in food and land rentsCost of living rosePopulation of England doubledImmigration to LondonRise in cities in Central Scotland, South Wales, and Ireland
Population Growth
Sub-groups proliferate, based on geography, social structure, and social networks-- ghetto, well-to-pass, suburban TERM 22
Inward looking
DEFINITION 22 fostering group solidarity TERM 23
outward looking
DEFINITION 23 fostering group distance TERM 24
Social Hierarchy
DEFINITION 24 Degrees in society become importantPOLITENESS TERM 25
Polite Language
DEFINITION 25 Would be a sue of English which was widely intelligible and acceptable - polished, elegant, correctCorrectness was ultimate guarantor of its politeness
Pronunciation
OrthoepyThomas Sheridan and John "Elocution" Walker TERM 32
Inner Circle
DEFINITION 32 Consists of those countries where English is the dominant Language-England, US, Canada, Australia, etc TERM 33
Outer Circle
DEFINITION 33 To which English was carried over as a colonial language- India, Nigeria, Philippines (Colonized by US) TERM 34
Expanding Circle
DEFINITION 34 Consists of those countries where English is spreading for non-colonial reasons (e.g. economic)-Spain TERM 35
Home Countries
DEFINITION 35 Inner circleWhere English started-Great Britain, Ireland
First Diaspora
(Spreading out)Inner CircleCountries to which English was transferred by a mass movement of a group of English speakers-US, Canada, Australia TERM 37
Second Diaspora
DEFINITION 37 Outer circle + Expanding circleWhere English was transferred as a language, not by a large group TERM 38
Why did English in America change?
DEFINITION 38 -Geographic isolation-New flora, fauna, and geographic features-linguistic nationalism TERM 39
When was other linguistic nationalism?
DEFINITION 39 300 year war - Scottish100 year war - French TERM 40
Webster
DEFINITION 40 Philological society, fix and improve language-published a speller, pronunciation guide, and a grammar-First dictionary in 1806. Big one in 1828
