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Ch5. Sensation vs. Perception. What is
transduction? What is an illusion?
SENSATION: detection of stimulus in external environment & transmission of information to the brain. PERCEPTION: interpretation of sensory information. TRANSDUCTION: neural (electrochemical) energy ILLUSION: something that deceives by producing a false/misleading impression of reality. TERM 2
Ch5. Five senses and receptive fields.
DEFINITION 2 VISUAL SYSTEM: vision, retina. AUSITORY SYSTEM: hearing, inner ear. SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM: touch, skin. GUSTATORY SYSTEM: taste, tongue. OLFACTORY SYSTEM: smell, nasal passages. TERM 3
Ch5. What is the retina? Rods vs. Cones. Optic
nerve. Blind spot.
DEFINITION 3 RETINA: innermost coat of the posterior part of the eyeball. Receives image produced by lens, consists of several layers, including rods and cones. RODS: allows us to see in dim light, coarse detail, no colors. CONES:allows us to see in bright light, fine detail, different colors. OPTIC NERVE: consists of sensory fibers that conduct impulses from the retina to the brain. BLIND SPOT: no rods or cones. no receptors=no vision. TERM 4
Ch5. Opponent process theory and color
vision vs. Trichromatic theory. What happens
in color blind?
DEFINITION 4 OPPONENT PROCESS THEORY: receptors (ganglion cells) respond positively to one color and negatively to complimentary color. TRICHROMATIC THEORY: color we perceive depends on ratio of cone responses. COLOR BLIND: genetically linked deficiencies in red and/or green sensitive cones. TERM 5
Ch5. Gestalt principles of visual organization.
DEFINITION 5
- PROXIMITY: close together seen as being part of the same object. 2. SIMILARITY: shared physical properties = same set.
- CLOSURE: gaps or small missing parts of border are seen as complete. 4. GOOD CONTINUATION: lines that are interrupted are seen as continuously flowing. 5. COMMON FATE: things moving in same direction seen as a group.
Ch5. Beiderman's recognition by components
theory of object recognition. What is a geon
and how many are there?
Objects broken down into simple geometrical forms (geons) before identifying whole object. GEON-simple geometrical forms, 36. TERM 7
Ch5. Basis for audition. What are the 2
dimensions of sound that we can describe?
DEFINITION 7 Caused by vibrating stimulus. We can hear 1. FREQUENCY: what we hear as pitch (high or low.) or 2. AMPLITUDE: loudness (measured in decibels) TERM 8
Ch5. What are the two main factors in the
localization of sound?
DEFINITION 8 Time of arrival and intensity. TERM 9
Ch5. What are olfaction and gustation? What
are the receptors for these?
DEFINITION 9 OLFACTION: smell. GUSTATION: taste. CHEMORECEPTORS. TERM 10
Ch5. What happens in synesthesia?
DEFINITION 10 One type of stimulus evokes the sensation of another. ex. When hearing a sound produces a visualization of a color.
Ch6. What are subliminal messages? How do
they affect buying habits?
SUBLIMINAL MESSAGE: message presented at level that is undetected by conscious awareness, but is subconsciously detected and processed. Has little to NO effect on buying. TERM 17
Ch6. Attentional disorders: Visual neglect and
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. What
area of brain?
DEFINITION 17 VISUAL NEGLECT: tendency to ignore things on one side of the body (usually left), results in damage to right parietal lobe. ADHD: difficulty concentrating or sustaining attention for extended periods (front lobe). TERM 18
How is EEG used to study sleep? Theta waves
vs. Delta waves
DEFINITION 18 EEG: electrodes pasted to scalp. Changes in electrical potentials are recorded in form of line tracings (brain waves). THETA WAVES: stage 1 of sleep, light sleep. DELTA WAVES: stage 3&4 of sleep, very deep sleep. TERM 19
Ch6. What happens during REM (paradoxical
sleep). How does amount change over the
night?
DEFINITION 19 REM sleep- increased heart rate, moving eyes, twitching, dreaming. begins 70-90 mins in. Happens 4-5 times per night. Gets longer as night goes on. Usually about 90 minutes. TERM 20
Ch6. Effects of sleep deprivation on humans
and animals
DEFINITION 20 HUMANS: hurts all aspects of functioning, contributes to accidents. ANIMALS: temperature can't be regulated, weight loss, immune system and organ failure, death.
Ch6. Freud's theory of why we dream.
Manifest content vs. Latent content
FREUD: Wish fulfillment, ways to symbolically act out wishes and desires. MANIFEST CONTENT: actual content. LATENT CONTENT: symbolic TERM 22
Ch6. Dyssomnias vs. Parasomnias
DEFINITION 22 DYSSOMNIA: problems with timing, amount, or quality of sleep. (ie. insomnia, hypersomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy). PARASOMNIA: abnormal distrubances during sleep. (ie. nightmares, night terrors, sleepwalking) TERM 23
Ch6. Drug dependency and tolerance.
DEFINITION 23 DRUG DEPENDENCY: individual physical or psychological need for the drug. TOLERANCE: body adapts to compensate for continued use, need increasing amounts to produce the same effects. TERM 24
Ch6. Four types of psychoactive drugs
discussed in class with examples.
DEFINITION 24 STIMULANTS: increase activity of CNS (ex. caffeine). DEPRESSANTS: slow activity of CNS. (ex. alcohol) OPIATES: depress CNS activity, decrease pain, increase euphoria (ex. morphine). HALLUCINOGENS: affect perception, distort reality (ex. LSD). TERM 25
Ch6. Hypnosis
DEFINITION 25 HYPNOSIS: produces heightened state of suggestibility in willing participant. NOT deep sleep or weak-willed people.
Ch7. Continuous reinforcement schedule vs
partial reinforcement schedule. Four types of
partial reinforcement schedules.
SCHEDULE: rate at which a particular behavior will be enforced. CONTINUOUS: every behavior followed rapidly by reinforcement. (ex. salesmen paid for each sale) PARTIAL: delivered only some of the time. 1.FIXED-RATIO: # of responses required doesn't change (ex. paid after every 10 sales). 2. VARIABLE-RATIO: certain number of responses, but # changes (ex. salesman paid after certain #, but doesn't know what number). 3. FIXED-INTERVAL: reinforcement delivered for 1st response after fixed interval of time (ex. saleman gets paid for each sale of the week, but none until next week) 4. VARIABLE-INTERVAL: time until reinforcement changes. (ex. salesperson paid for 1st sale on randomly chosen day). *most effective TERM 32
Ch7. What does "biological constraints on
learning" mean?
DEFINITION 32 Genetic restraints influence what can be learned. TERM 33
Ch7. What is observational learning and
modeling? Bobo doll study?
DEFINITION 33 OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING: occurs as a result of observing the experience of others. MODELING: natural tendency to mimic behavior if a reward is involved. BOBO- children imitated adults who were rewarded for hitting doll.
