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Test 3 Study Guide General Material Material Type: Notes; Professor: McDonald; Class: Biochemistry; Subject: Chemistry; University: Athens State University; Term: Spring 2011;
Typology: Study notes
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image of another stereoisomer of the same compound/ If a molecule contains a single asymmetric carbon atom, it is will have two mirror image forms. If a molecule contains two asymmetric carbons, there are 4 possible configurations, and they can’t all be mirror images of each other. The possibilities continue to multiply as there are more asymmetric centers in a molecule. EX. Tartaric acid contains two asymmetric centers. The families of 5 and 6 carbon sugars contain many diastereomers because of the large numbers of asymmetric centers in these molecules.
A hemiacetal is a functional group or compound containing the alkylgroup in the form of: where R and R' are any carbon backbones. A hemiacetal can react with an alcohol under very acidic conditions to form an acetal, and can dissociate to form an aldehydes and ketones. Anomers: In sugar chemistry, an anomer is a special type of epimer. It is a stereoisomer of a saccharide (in the cyclic form) that differs only in its configuration at the hemiacetal or hemiketal carbon.For example, α-D-glucopyranose and D-D-glucopyranose and glucopyranose and β-D-glucopyranose and D-D-glucopyranose and glucopyranose are anomers.
(beta) hemiacetal form of carbohydrate is converted into an equilibrium mixture of the two forms.
OR groups. where R, R' and R&apos are all carbon backbones.
Reducing sugar 235-D-glucopyranose and ALL MONOSACCHARIDES glucose
Anomer: Hemiacetals = α- & Beta-glucose/ 231
Epimerization-The reversible interconversion of epimers. G- 5 Enediol-intermediate formed during isomerization of monosaccharides, has a dbl bond w/ a OH--^ group on each alkenyl. G- Acetal-Formula=RCH(OR`) 2 Formed from the rxn of a hemiacetal w/an alcohol
Insulin:298/stimulates glycogenesis and inhibits glycogenolysis EX. Lowers blood glucose levels Glucagon=298/ stimulates glycogenolysis and inhibits glycogenesis. Ex.raises blood glucose levels.
UDP-glucose=active form of glucose/functions as a substrate for glycogen synthesis cAMP-D-glucopyranose and cyclic AMP-D-glucopyranose and 2nd^ messenger molecule produced from ATP in response to glucagon or epinephrine GSSG-D-glucopyranose and oxidized form of glutathione/activates glucose-D-glucopyranose and 6-D-glucopyranose and phosphate dehydrogenase/regulatory catalyst in pentose phosphate pathway. NADPH-D-glucopyranose and reducing agent-D-glucopyranose and lipid biosynthesis / antioxidant mechanisms
transfer of a high-energy phosphate group from a phosphorylated intermediate metabolic compound in an exergonic catabolic pathway.
hydrogen acceptor to regenerate NAD+EX. Produces ethanol.
groups while conserving energy throughout the reaction processes.
Without oxygen, the ETC shuts down, and NADH accumulates at the expense of NAD+. Both high NADH and low NAD+^ levels inhibit the citric acid cycle. Low NAD+^ levels would also impact the 2 key regulatory enzymes that utilize NAD+^ as a substrate.
Which of the reactions in the citric acid cycle involves a substrate-level phosphorylation? This is the cleavage of succinyl-CoA to form succinate. Name another example from a biochemical pathway with which you are familiar .The glycolytic reaction that converts phosphoenolpyruvate and ADP to pyruvate and ATP.