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Test Bank - Biological Science, 7th Edition
(Freeman, 2020) Chapter 1-54 | All Chapters
- Which of the following is a characteristic of all living organisms? A. Ability to move independently B. Ability to reproduce C. Presence of a backbone D. Ability to photosynthesize All living organisms must reproduce to pass on genetic information, though not all move or photosynthesize.
- What is the function of ribosomes? A. DNA replication B. Lipid synthesis C. Protein synthesis D. ATP production Ribosomes are the cellular structures responsible for translating mRNA into proteins.
- Which macromolecule is most directly involved in cell membrane structure? A. Lipids B. Nucleic acids
C. Carbohydrates D. Proteins Phospholipids form the bilayer of the cell membrane, providing the primary structural framework.
- The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic information as: A. Protein → RNA → DNA B. DNA → RNA → Protein C. RNA → DNA → Protein D. RNA → Protein → DNA The central dogma states that DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into protein.
- In an ecosystem, which organisms are responsible for primary production? A. Fungi B. Herbivores C. Autotrophs D. Decomposers Autotrophs, like plants and algae, convert sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis.
- What is the main role of mitosis? A. Gamete production B. Growth and repair C. Genetic recombination
10.Which of the following is NOT part of natural selection? A. Variation in traits B. Differential reproductive success C. Inheritance of acquired traits D. Struggle for survival Natural selection does not involve the inheritance of traits acquired during an organism’s lifetime. 11.What type of selection favors individuals with intermediate traits? A. Disruptive selection B. Directional selection C. Stabilizing selection D. Artificial selection Stabilizing selection reduces variation by favoring average traits and selecting against extremes. 12.The molecule that carries amino acids to the ribosome is: A. mRNA B. rRNA C. tRNA D. DNA tRNA transports specific amino acids to the ribosome based on the codon sequence. 13.Which of the following structures is unique to plant cells?
A. Mitochondria B. Ribosomes C. Plasma membrane D. Cell wall The cell wall, made of cellulose, provides structural support and is unique to plant cells. 14.Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by: A. Increasing temperature B. Adding more reactants C. Lowering activation energy D. Raising activation energy Enzymes catalyze reactions by lowering the energy barrier required to start the reaction. 15.Which process releases the most ATP? A. Glycolysis B. Fermentation C. Electron transport chain D. Krebs cycle The electron transport chain generates the majority of ATP during aerobic respiration. 16.What is the primary function of the chloroplast? A. Protein synthesis B. Respiration C. Digestion
A. Nervous system B. Circulatory system C. Endocrine system D. Muscular system The circulatory system distributes oxygen, nutrients, and waste via the blood. 21.What is the role of mRNA? A. Provides energy B. Carries genetic code from DNA to ribosomes C. Modifies proteins D. Replicates DNA mRNA is the intermediate messenger that conveys genetic instructions for protein synthesis. 22.Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins? A. Enzymatic activity B. Structural support C. Information storage D. Transport Proteins do not store genetic information; this is the role of nucleic acids. 23.The genetic makeup of an organism is known as its: A. Phenotype B. Genotype C. Allele D. Trait The genotype is the combination of alleles inherited from parents.
24.Which type of mutation involves a single nucleotide change? A. Point mutation B. Frameshift mutation C. Deletion D. Duplication A point mutation alters one nucleotide in a gene sequence. 25.What is the basic unit of life? A. Atom B. Cell C. Organelle D. Molecule All living organisms are composed of one or more cells, making it the basic unit of life. 26.Which molecule serves as the main energy currency of the cell? A. DNA B. ATP C. Glucose D. RNA ATP (adenosine triphosphate) directly powers cellular processes by releasing energy when its phosphate bonds are broken. 27.What is the primary role of the Golgi apparatus?
Homologous chromosomes carry genes for the same traits but may have different alleles. 31.Which of the following increases genetic variation? A. Mitosis B. Crossing over C. Asexual reproduction D. DNA replication Crossing over during meiosis I exchanges genetic material between homologous chromosomes. 32.Which biomolecule is made up of amino acids? A. Carbohydrate B. Nucleic acid C. Lipid D. Protein Proteins are polymers made of amino acid monomers. 33.What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment? A. To prove the hypothesis B. To serve as a comparison to the experimental group C. To increase variability D. To ensure statistical error Control groups help establish a baseline for comparison, validating the effect of the independent variable. 34.What type of RNA is part of the ribosome?
A. mRNA B. rRNA C. tRNA D. siRNA rRNA (ribosomal RNA) forms the structural and enzymatic core of the ribosome. 35.Which gas is required for aerobic cellular respiration? A. Carbon dioxide B. Oxygen C. Nitrogen D. Hydrogen Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain. 36.What is an allele? A. A variant form of a gene B. A type of cell C. A chromosome D. A protein An allele is a specific version of a gene that can result in different traits. 37.Which structure maintains cell shape and is involved in movement? A. Nucleus B. Mitochondria C. Cytoskeleton D. Golgi apparatus The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that supports the cell and facilitates movement.
D. Carbohydrate DNA and RNA are nucleic acids responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information. 42.Which process results in four non-identical haploid cells? A. Mitosis B. Meiosis C. Binary fission D. Cloning Meiosis produces four genetically unique haploid gametes, essential for sexual reproduction. 43.What is a population? A. All organisms in an ecosystem B. Members of the same species in a given area C. All plants in a biome D. All consumers in a food web A population is a group of individuals of the same species living in a particular area. 44.What organelle is responsible for digestion within the cell? A. Nucleus B. Golgi apparatus C. Lysosome D. Smooth ER Lysosomes contain enzymes that break down waste and damaged cell components.
45.In ecology, which term describes the role of an organism in its environment? A. Habitat B. Niche C. Population D. Ecosystem A niche is the functional role of an organism, including its interactions and resource use. 46.What is the first step in the scientific method? A. Form a hypothesis B. Make an observation C. Analyze results D. Conduct an experiment Scientific inquiry begins with observations that lead to questions and hypotheses. 47.Which level of protein structure involves interactions between R groups? A. Primary B. Secondary C. Tertiary D. Quaternary Tertiary structure arises from interactions between side chains (R groups) of amino acids. 48.A codon consists of how many nucleotides?
D. Nucleus Chloroplasts are unique to plant cells and carry out photosynthesis. 52.Which of the following is an example of active transport? A. Osmosis B. Diffusion C. Sodium-potassium pump D. Facilitated diffusion Active transport requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient. 53.What determines the function of a protein? A. Amount of DNA B. Length of RNA C. Shape of the protein D. Location of the gene Protein function depends on its three-dimensional shape, which determines how it interacts with other molecules. 54.Which of the following molecules can pass freely through the lipid bilayer? A. Glucose B. Na+ ions C. Oxygen D. Proteins Small, nonpolar molecules like oxygen can diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer.
55.What is a gene? A. A chromosome B. A protein C. A segment of DNA that codes for a protein D. A type of RNA Genes are specific DNA sequences that contain instructions for making proteins. 56.Which phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated? A. M phase B. S phase C. G1 phase D. G2 phase DNA replication occurs during the synthesis (S) phase of the cell cycle. 57.Which part of the brain controls breathing and heart rate? A. Cerebrum B. Hypothalamus C. Medulla oblongata D. Cerebellum The medulla oblongata regulates involuntary functions like breathing and heartbeat. 58.In a food chain, what is the role of a decomposer? A. Produce energy B. Consume producers C. Break down dead organisms
62.Which organelle is responsible for detoxifying harmful substances in liver cells? A. Lysosome B. Nucleus C. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum D. Golgi body The smooth ER metabolizes lipids and detoxifies drugs and poisons, especially in liver cells. 63.In which process is oxygen directly used? A. Glycolysis B. Fermentation C. Electron transport chain D. Krebs cycle Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain during aerobic respiration. 64.What is the function of DNA polymerase? A. Joins amino acids B. Adds nucleotides to a growing DNA strand C. Unzips the DNA helix D. Synthesizes RNA DNA polymerase builds new DNA strands by adding complementary nucleotides during replication. 65.What happens during anaphase of mitosis?
A. Chromosomes align in the center B. Sister chromatids separate C. Chromatin condenses D. Nucleus reforms During anaphase, sister chromatids are pulled apart toward opposite poles. 66.Which of the following is a vestigial structure in humans? A. Eyes B. Hands C. Appendix D. Heart The appendix is a vestigial structure — a remnant of an organ that had a function in ancestral species. 67.What type of reaction links monomers together to form polymers? A. Hydrolysis B. Dehydration synthesis C. Combustion D. Ionization Dehydration synthesis joins monomers by removing water molecules. 68.What kind of symmetry do humans have? A. Radial B. Bilateral C. Asymmetrical D. Spherical
