Download Biochemistry and Genetics: Metabolic Pathways, Inborn Errors, and Protein Synthesis and more Quizzes Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
biochemical pathways
In biochemistry, metabolic pathways are series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell. series of steps in which cells synthesize molecules. Every step is catalyzed by an enzyme. TERM 2
inborn error of metabolism
DEFINITION 2 Inborn errors of metabolism comprise a large class of genetic diseases involving disorders of metabolism. TERM 3
Beadle and Tatum
DEFINITION 3 The one gene-one enzyme hypothesis is the idea that genes act through the production of enzymes, with each gene responsible for producing a single enzyme that in turn effects a single step in a metabolic pathway. TERM 4
one gene, one protein
DEFINITION 4 later clarified from the original hypothesis. The final product of a gene isn't a protein, but a nucleic acid called ribonucleic acid. TERM 5
Ribonucleic acid
(RNA)
DEFINITION 5 Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a biologically important type of molecule that consists of a long chain of nucleotide units. - carries information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
Structural Differences of RNA then DNA
- normally single stranded 2.RNA has the sugar ribose (instead of deoxyribose) in its backbone 3. RNA has the base uracil instead of the base thymine found in DNA. TERM 7
messenger RNA
DEFINITION 7 Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is a molecule of RNA encoding a chemical "blueprint" for a protein product. - carries the code for a protein-coding gene from DNA to ribosomes TERM 8
Ribosomal RNA
DEFINITION 8 Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) is the central component of the ribosome, the protein manufacturing machinery of all living cells. -combines with proteins to form ribosomes, the structures that link amino acids to form a protein TERM 9
Transfer RNA
DEFINITION 9 Transfer ribonucleic acid (abbreviated tRNA) is a small RNA molecule (usually about 74-95 nucleotides) that transfers a specific active amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation. - carries amino acids to the ribosomes TERM 10
transcription
DEFINITION 10 In the field of molecular biology, a transcription factor (sometimes called a sequence-specific DNA binding factor) is a protein that binds to specific DNA sequences and thereby controls the transfer (or transcription) of genetic information from DNA to mRNA. (RNA synthesis) -is catalyzed by enzyme, RNA polymerase -In eukaryotic cells, transcription occurs in the nucleus
stop codon
In the genetic code, a stop codon (or termination codon) is a nucleotide triplet within messenger RNA that signals a termination of translation. UAG,UAA,UGA TERM 17
RNA polymerase
DEFINITION 17 RNA polymerase (RNAP or RNApol) is an enzyme that produces RNA. TERM 18
termination signal
DEFINITION 18 A termination signal is found at the end of the part of the chromosome being transcribed during transcription of mRNA. TERM 19
exons
DEFINITION 19 An exon is a nucleic acid sequence that is represented in the mature form of an RNA molecule after either portions of a precursor RNA (introns) have been removed by cis-splicing or by two or more precursor RNA molecules have been ligated by trans-splicing. "ex"pressed in proteins TERM 20
introns
DEFINITION 20 An intron is a DNA region within a gene that is not translated into protein.
neutral mutations
mutations that do not detectably cahnge the function of the encoded protein TERM 22
operons
DEFINITION 22 In genetics, an operon is a functioning unit of genomic material containing a cluster of genes under the control of a single regulatory signal or promoter. contains four parts: regulatory gene, promoter, an operator, and structural genes TERM 23
regulatory gene
DEFINITION 23 A regulator gene or regulatory gene is a gene involved in controlling the expression of one or more other genes. TERM 24
repressor protein
DEFINITION 24 A repressor is a DNA-binding protein that regulates the expression of one or more genes by binding to the operator and blocking the attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter, thus preventing transcription of the genes.
