THE ANALYSIS OF CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE IN
“MIDNIGHT SUN” MOVIE
THESIS
BY:
MAULINA NUR PUTRI
REG. NUMBER: A73216075
ENGLISH DEPARTEMENT
FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES
UIN SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA
2020
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THE ANALYSIS OF CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE IN ..., Study notes of Communication
This study aims to investigate the types of conversational implicature and maxim that have been violating or flouting by Katie and Charlie in the Midnight.
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THE ANALYSIS OF CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE IN
“ MIDNIGHT SUN” MOVIE
THESIS
BY:
MAULINA NUR PUTRI
REG. NUMBER: A
ENGLISH DEPARTEMENT
FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES
UIN SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA
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ABSTRAK
Putri, M.N. (2020). Analisis Implikatur Percakapan dalam Film “Midnight Sun”. English Department, UIN SunanAmpel Surabaya. Advisor: Dr. Muhammad Kurjum ,M.Ag. Kata Kunci : implicature percakapan, prinsip kerja sama, melanggar,menyepelekan.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki tipe-tipe dari conversational implicature dan maxim yang telah dilanggar atau disepelekan oleh Katie dan Charlie dalam film Midnight Sun. Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti menganalisis tipe-tipe conversational implicature beserta dengan makna yang disembunyikan dan maxim yang dilanggar atau disepelekan berdasarkan teori Grice (1975). Peneliti menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Peneliti mengumpulkan data dengan mengunduh script film Midnight Sun di website. Setelah mengumpulkan data, peneliti menggaris-besari ucapan yang termasukkedalam tipe conversational implicature dan memberikan kode pada data. Kemudian peneliti menafsirkan makna yang tersembunyi dan mengklasifikasika nucapan tersebut kedalam maxim yang dilanggar atau disepelekan. Hasil dari penelitian ini, peneliti menemukan particularized conversational lebihconversational implicature, juga Katie and Charlie lebih sering melanggar maxim sering digunakan oleh dua karakter utama daripada generalized daripada menyepelekan maxim. Dengan mempelajari conversational implicature dan juga cooperative principle peneliti berada di tempat untuk mengekspresikan makna yang disembunyikan oleh dua pemain utama dalam film Midnight Sun dengan begitu seseorang mungkin lebih memperhatikan makna tersembunyi yangsebenarnya disampaikan oleh pembicara.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Inside Cover Page ................................................................................................. i Thesis Advisor’s Approval Sheet Thesis Examiner’s Approval Sheet........................................................................ ..................................................................... (^) iiiii Declaration .......................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgement .............................................................................................. v Abstract ............................................................................................................... vi Abstrak ............................................................................................................... Table of Content ................................................................................................ viii vii
CHAPTER I INTODUCTION............................................................................ 1.1 Background of Study..................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research Problem.......................................................................................... 9 1.3 Significance of the Study .............................................................................. 9 1.4 Scope and Limitation .................................................................................... 10 1.5 Definition of Key terms ................................................................................ 10
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE....................................................... 2.1 Pragmatics ..................................................................................................... 12 2.2 Implicature .................................................................................................... 14 2.2.1 Conversational Implicature ................................................................... 15 2.2.1.1 Generalized Conversational Implicature ............................................ 17 2.2.1.2 Particularized Conversational Implicature ......................................... 18 2.3Cooperative Principle ..................................................................................... 19 2.4 Violating Maxim ........................................................................................... 20 2.5 Flouting Maxim............................................................................................. 21 2.5.1 Flouting Maxim of Quantity.................................................................. 22 2.5.2 Flouting Maxim of Quality.................................................................... 22 2.5.3 Flouting Maxim of Relation .................................................................. 23 2.5.4 Flouting Maxim of Manner ................................................................... 23
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ............................................................. 3.1 Research Design ............................................................................................ 25
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LIST OF TABLE
Table 3.1 The Example of Coding Types of Conversational Implicature .......... 27 Table 3.2 The Example of Coding Non-Observance – Maxim .......................... 27 Table 4.1 Types of Conversational Implicature .................................................. 30 Table 4.2 Violating or Flouting Maxim Produced by Katie and Charlie ............ 59
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
In the part of the introduction, the researcher describes the background of the study, research problems, research objectives, significance of study, scope and limitation of the study and definition of key term in order to give a clear understanding of this research.
1.1 Background of the Study In human life, the language generally can be used for different purposes. Therefore, each person will find several communication cases between one another, one of which is the implied meaning. Leech (1983, p. 13) describes the context as the background assumed and shared by speakers and listeners who contribute to the audience's interpretation of what the speaker means by saying it. The language itself has various functions as a means of communication in the media, and pragmatics justifies that language is unique. For example, people can direct or interact with others by asking questions, offering something, giving orders, or stating a statement. Besides, by communicating with individuals, one can convey information, express feelings, and send their opinions. As we know that good and effective communication is communication that not only conveys information, expresses feelings, and also expresses individual opinions. Effective communication is where each individual can understand the meaning and the message behind the information sent. By using this uniqueness, someone speaks indirectly to the point, or they use words that contain implications. This is called implicature, which is a speech that has implications.
called immaterial (Yule, 1996, p. 35). From some of the definitions above, it can be concluded that the implicature is related to the speaker's intention or purpose and the listener's interpretation. The speaker's intention is conveyed indirectly as the meaning of his speech by ignoring the norms or morals in the conversation. Language norms and morals are fundamental. There are certain agreements about norms that must be obeyed to convey words to be understood. Everyone is always involved in communication norms, both speakers and listeners, from this side how meaning can be realized. Many researchers studied implicature because every person must imply hidden meanings from their utterances. Instead of expressing it directly, some people choose to hide the intent of their utterances. This might be because the speaker feels uncomfortable saying it directly, or it might be possible to convey the meaning of the word directly to offend the listener. There are several studies that focused on implicature. The first is written by Nairi (2016) entitled "Conversational Implicature in The Talk Show Program of "Talk Indonesia" Metro TV." This study describes the type of conversational implicature and the function of implicature that occurs in Talk Indonesia. It is found five utterances of generalized implicature and fifteen utterances of particularized implicature. The researcher also identified five types of function of speech act that are sixteen utterances that categorized as representative function, namely criticizing, reporting, clarifying, conjecturing, stating, describing, and testifying.
The second previous study is "Implicature Analysis In Maher Zain's Song Lyric on "Forgive Me" Album" by Pranoto (2013). This research analyzed types of conversational implicature and how the types of conversational implicature used in Maher Zain's song lyric. The result of this study, the researcher found two types of conversational implicature, that is generalized conversational implicature and particular conversational implicature in the song lyric. The third previous study is "An Implicature Analysis in "Oh, Brother! Comic Strip Serial" by Husna (2013). This research aims to describe the implicature to occur in the "Oh Brother!" comic strip serials and also describes the maxims that are violated in the "Oh Brother!" comic strip serial. The researcher found three kinds of implicature, that is: conventional, conversational (particularized and generalized), and scalar implicature. The researcher also found four maxims that is, quality, quantity, manner, relevance. The fourth previous study is written by Subur (2016) entitled "The Use of Implicature in "Something to Blog About" Novel." This research analyzed the use of conversational implicature on the novel script "Something to Blog About." The study, aims to explain the types and the context of the situation of the utterance that contains conversational implicature that used in the novel "Something to Blog About" conversation. The researcher used the documentation method in this research. The data collected are analyzed by using some books, websites, and documents using referential method or Padan method. As a result of this research, the researcher found cooperative principles, which are the maxim of quantity, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation, and the maxim of manner in the novel.
(2013) analyzes about implicature in a song lyric by Maher Zain more specific than the analysis by Nairi that analyze about the generalized conversational implicature and particularized conversational implicature. But, at the point of how conversational implicature is used, Pranoto's explanation is less of detailed. Besides, Husna (2013) she took a comic strip as her data source in her study. She found three kinds of implicature; conventional, conversational (particularized and generalized), and scalar implicature. Also, the researcher found four maxim, that is, quality, quantity, manner, relevance. This shows that in this study, Husna found the most data from other studies. Zamzami (2014) only wanted to find implicatures and then explain their meaning. In his research, he took a less specific question about implicature. Then, he analyzed the types of implicature interpreted using several premises. But in the data, it is found the author does not categorize the data into conventional implicature or conversational implicature types, only emphasizing hidden meanings. Then, Yuwana (2014) analyzed types of implicature from romantic scenes in a comedy genre. Despite the previous studies mentioned above dealing with conversational implicature and non-observance of the maxim, my best knowledge, none has been done by putting the violating and flouting maxim as the research topic. The study focused on the type and the function of the use of conversational implicature, and only touched on flouting maxim. Therefore, the researcher is interested in investigating more fully about non-observance of the maxim, they are violating maxim and flouting maxim.
There are many cases of implicature in daily life. Everything around us can be the topic of study. To fulfill the gap, the researcher takes the subject from the movie. The movie is a recording of moving images that tells a story watched by people on a screen or television. To gain knowledge about conversational implicature will be more accessible by analyzing a movie. There are many examples of utterances that contain conversational implicature in a movie. Implicature often appears in movies because the movie is a reflection of everyday life. Therefore, it's easier to understand the messages behind the words in the movie. The researcher chooses Midnight Sun movie as the data for the analysis. This movie is about a teenage girl with a disease of xerodermapigmentosum. This movie is a 2018 American romantic drama film directed by Scott Speer and written by Eric Kirsten with the duration of 91 minutes, based on the 2006 Japanese film of the same name. The film stars Bella Thorne, as Katie Price, is the main character who has illness xerodermapigmentosum , Patrick Schwarzenegger as Charlie, is a young man who is loved by Katie, and Rob Riggle as Jack or Mr. Price. Since childhood, Katie has xerodermapigmentosum , a genetic disease or congenital abnormality in the skin, where the skin is susceptible to sunlight, especially ultraviolet rays. Xerodermapigmentosum sufferers, if exposed to sunlight, will cause burns, blemishes, blisters, and damage to DNA. A variety of genres in the world of film are presented to entertain the audience; those are comedy, horror, thriller, action, fiction, adventure and romance. Likewise, romance is also divided into several parts, they are;
who want to find out how different implicature are used in comedy and romantic genre movies. But the researcher only focuses analyzed the romantic movie. Based on the background above, the researcher focused on the implicit meanings used by Katie and Charlie's utterances with a genre of romantic scenes. This study aims to show the types of conversational implicature and the implied meaning, and maxim that violating or flouting by Katie and Charlie in the utterances. Hopefully, the researcher can show the types of conversational implicature and maxim that violating or flouting in this study. So, the readers can understand the meaning of these utterances and make them more sensitive in having a good conversation.
1.2 Research Problems Based on the research background, the research questions are formulated as follows:
- What are the types of conversational implicature found in the utterances produced by the two main characters (Katie and Charlie)?
- What is the meaning of each implicature found in the utterances produced by the two main characters (Katie and Charlie)?
- What maxims are violated or flouted in the conversation of the two main characters (Katie and Charlie)?
1.3 Significances of the Study The researcher expected that the results of this study could contribute theoretically and practically. Theoretically, this research is expected to assist in
the pragmatics field of study, specifically, identifying the implicature used in the Midnight Sun movie. The researcher wants this research to be useful for readers and academic forums (students and faculties), so that this research can be a reference for the development of subjects in the linguistic field. Practically, the researcher expected, this research can help the readers more easily to understand the conversational implicature and the hidden meaning behind the sentence. Therefore, the researcher hopes this research will help the readers realize how important knowledge about implicature in social life interacting with people around them.
1.4 Scope and Limitation of The Study In this study, the researcher focused on analyzing conversational implicature in the Midnight Sun movie. The conversation used in the analysis was taken from a dialogue transcript from the Midnight Sun movie. Then, the researcher examined all of the utterances by Katie and Charlie in the Midnight Sun movie. The present study’s discussion was based on Grice’s theory of conversational implicature (1975), which are classified into two types. In addition, the discussion also described the maxim that violated ad flouted.
1.5 Definition of Key Terms Implicature is an utterance that can express propositions (statements) that are not part of the utterance and do not follow the necessary speech consequences.